Old Cumbria Gazetteer

Kendal

civil parish:-

Kendal (formerly Westmorland)

county:-

Cumbria

locality type:-

locality

locality type:-

buildings

locality type:-

market town

locality type:-

selected place

locality type:-

twinned town

coordinates:-

SD51479261 (etc)

1Km square:-

SD5192

10Km square:-

SD59

latitude; longitude:-

2d 44.8m W, 54d 19.5m N

BJS48.jpg Highgate, town hall, etc, from south.
(taken 14.8.2005)
photograph

BUW72.jpg Civic flowers, coat of arms.
(taken 3.7.2011)
photograph

BJS49.jpg (taken 14.8.2005)

evidence:-

old map:- OS County Series (Wmd 38 4)
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Maps, County Series maps of Great Britain, scales 6 and 25 inches to 1 mile, published by the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, from about 1863 to 1948.
OS County Series (Wmd 38 8)

evidence:-

old map:- Gough 1350s-60s
placename:- Kirkebie Kendale

source data:-

Map, colour photozincograph copy, reduced size facsimile, Gough Map of Britain, scale about 28.5 miles to 1 inch, published by the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, 1875.

click to enlarge
Ggh1Cm.jpg
item:- JandMN : 33
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Gough 1350s-60s
placename:- Kirkebie Kendale

source data:-

Map, lithograph facsimile, Gough Map of Britain, 20 miles to 1 inch? published by the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, 1935.

click to enlarge
Ggh2Cm.jpg
item:- JandMN : 34
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

descriptive text:- Myddylton 1544
placename:- Kendale

source data:-

Book, Cronycle of Yeres, including an early table of highways, published by Wyllyam Myddylton, at the sign of the George, Fleet Street, London, 1544.
"And also the wayes leadynge to the / most notable places: and the dy- / staunce betwyxte the / same / Anno. 1544"
"Here foloweth the waye fro~ Coker / mouth to lancastre, and so to London. / From Cokermouth to Kyswike. vi myle. / from Kyswike to Grosener. viii. myle. / from Grosener to Kendale. xiiii. myle. / from Kendale to Burton. vii. myle. / from Burton to Lancastre. viii. myle. / ..."

evidence:-

old map:- Lloyd 1573
placename:- Kirckbye

source data:-

Map, hand coloured copper plate engraving, Angliae Regni, Kingdom of England, with Wales, scale about 24 miles to 1 inch, authored by Humphrey Lloyd, Denbigh, Clwyd, drawn and engraved by Abraham Ortelius, Netherlands, 1573.

click to enlarge
Lld1Cm.jpg
"Kirckbye"
item:- Hampshire Museums : FA1998.69
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Saxton 1579
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Map, hand coloured engraving, Westmorlandiae et Cumberlandiae Comitatus ie Westmorland and Cumberland, scale about 5 miles to 1 inch, by Christopher Saxton, London, engraved by Augustinus Ryther, 1576, published 1579-1645.

Sax9SD49.jpg
Buildings and towers, symbol for a town. "KENDAL"
item:- private collection : 2
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Mercator 1595 (edn?)
placename:- Kendall

source data:-

Map, hand coloured engraving, Westmorlandia, Lancastria, Cestria etc, ie Westmorland, Lancashire, Cheshire etc, scale about 10.5 miles to 1 inch, by Gerard Mercator, Duisberg, Germany, 1595, edition 1613-16.

MER5WmdA.jpg
"Kendall"
circle, building/s, tower, tinted red
item:- Armitt Library : 2008.14.3
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Unknown 1600s
placename:- Kirkby Kendall

source data:-

Town plan, uncoloured lithograph copy, Plan of Kirkby Kendall ie Kendal, Westmorland, scale about 10 inches to 1 mile, perhaps from a coloured original of the late 17th century.

click to enlarge
UN11.jpg
"Kirkby Kendall"
item:- JandMN : 136
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Keer 1605
placename:- Kendall

source data:-

Map, hand coloured engraving, Westmorland and Cumberland, scale about 16 miles to 1 inch, probably by Pieter van den Keere, or Peter Keer, about 1605 edition perhaps 1676.

click to enlarge
KER8.jpg
"Kendall"
dot, two circle, tower, tinted red; town
item:- Dove Cottage : 2007.38.110
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

descriptive text:- Keer 1605 (edn 1620)
placename:-  Kandale
placename:-  Kendale
placename:-  Kirkeby Kendale
item:-  cloth; weaving; latitude; longitude; Kendal, lat and long

source data:-

Map, Westmorlandia et Comberlandia, ie Westmorland and Cumberland now Cumbria, scale about 16 miles to 1 inch, probably by Pieter van den Keere, or Peter Keer, about 1605, published about 1605 to 1676.

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second page "... the principall profit that the people of this Province [Westmorland] raise unto themselves, is by cloathing."
"(7) The chiefest place of which is Kandale or Kendale, called also Kirkeby Kendale, standing on the banke of the River Can. This Towne is of great trade and resort, and for the diligent and industrious practice of making cloath so excels the rest, that in regard thereof it carrieth a supereminent name above them, and hath great vent &traffique for her wollen cloaths through all the parts of England. It challengeth not much glorie for Antiquitie; onely this is accounteth a great credit, that it hath dignified three Earles with the title thereof, as John Duke of Bedford, whom Henry the Fist (sic) (being his brother) advanced to that honour, John, Duke of Sommerset, and John de Foix, whom King Henry the sixt preferred to that dignitie for his honourable and trusty services done in the French warres. It is a place of very civill and orderly government, the which is mannaged by an Alderman, chosen every year out of his twelve Brethren, who are all distinguished and notified from the rest by wearing of purple garments. The Alderman and his Senior Brother are alwayes Justices of Peace and Quorum. There are in it a Towne-Clerke, a Recorder, two Sergeants at Mace, and two Chamberlaines. By Mathematicall observation the site of this Towne is in the degree of Longitude 17.30 scruples, from the first West point, and the Pole elevated in Latitude to the degree 55. and 15 minutes"

evidence:-

old map:- Speed 1611 (Cum/EW)
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Map, hand coloured engraving, Kingdome of Great Britaine and Ireland, scale about 36 miles to 1 inch, by John Speed, about 1610-11, published by Thomas Bassett, Fleet Street and Richard Chiswell, St Paul's Churchyard, London, 1676?

click to enlarge
SPD6Cm.jpg
"Kendal"
dot, circle, and tower
item:- private collection : 85
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Speed 1611 (Wmd)
placename:- Kendale

source data:-

Map, hand coloured engraving, The Countie Westmorland and Kendale the Cheif Towne, scale about 2.5 miles to 1 inch, by John Speed, 1610, published by George Humble, Popes Head Alley, London, 1611-12.

click to enlarge
SP14Mk.jpg
"KENDALE"
item:- Armitt Library : 2008.14.5
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Speed 1611 (Wmd)
placename:- Kendall

source data:-

Map, hand coloured engraving, The Countie Westmorland and Kendale the Cheif Towne, scale about 2.5 miles to 1 inch, by John Speed, 1610, published by George Humble, Popes Head Alley, London, 1611-12.

SP14SD59.jpg
"Kendall"
circle, buildings and towers
item:- Armitt Library : 2008.14.5
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

poem:- Drayton 1612/1622 text
placename:- Kendale
item:- cloth; placename, Kendal

source data:-

Poem, Poly Olbion, by Michael Drayton, published by published by John Marriott, John Grismand and Thomas Dewe, and others? London, part 1 1612, part 2 1622.

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page 161:- "...
Where Can first creeping forth, her feet hath scarcely found,
But gives that Dale her name, where Kendale towne doth stand,
For making of our Cloth scarce match'd in all the land."

evidence:-

old map:- Drayton 1612/1622
placename:- Kendall

source data:-

Map, hand coloured engraving, Cumberlande and Westmorlande, by Michael Drayton, probably engraved by William Hole, scale about 4 or 5 miles to 1 inch, published by John Mariott, John Grismand, and Thomas Dewe, London, 1622.

DRY523.jpg
"Kendall"
Lady with 'town' hedaress.
item:- JandMN : 168
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

table of distances:- Simons 1635

source data:-

Table of distances, uncoloured engraving, Westmerland ie Westmorland, with a thumbnail map, scale about 42 miles to 1 inch, by Mathew Simons, published in A Direction for the English Traviller, 1635.

click to enlarge
SIM3.jpg
K on thumbnail map
item:- private collection : 50.39
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

table of distances:- Simons 1635
placename:- Kendale

source data:-

Table of distances, uncoloured engraving, Lancashire, with a thumbnail map, by Mathew Simons, published in A Direction for the English Traviller, 1635.

click to enlarge
SIM522.jpg
"Kendale Westm. N"
and tabulated distances
item:- private collection : 50.22
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old text:- Brathwaite 1638
placename:- Kendall

source data:-

Poem, Drunken Barbaby's Four Journeys to the North of England, by Richard Brathwaite, 1638, published 1716-1818 at least.

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Page 29:- "..."
"Thence to Kirkland, thence to Kendall,"
"I did that which Men call Spend-all:"

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Page 31:- ""
"Night and Day with Sociates many,"
"I drank Ale both thick and clammy."
"'Shroud thy Head, Boy, stretch thy Hand too"
"'Hand has done what Head can't stand to.'"
"..."

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Page 107:- "..."
"Thence to Kendall, pure her State is,"
"Prudent too her Magistrate is;"
"In whose Charter to them granted,"
"Nothing but a Mayor wanted:"
"Here it likes me to be dwelling,"
"Bousing, loving; Stories telling."
"..."

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Page 129:- "..."
"Now to Kendall for Cloth-making,"
"Sight, site, Alderman awaking;"
"Beauteous Damsels, modest Mothers,"
"And her four and twenty Brothers;"
"Ever in her Honour spreading,"
"Where I had my Native Breeding."
"[footnote] A Town so highly renown'd for her commodius Cloathing, and industrious Trading, as her Name is become famus in that kind. Camb. in Brit."

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Page 131:- "Where I'll tell you (while none mind us)"
"We throw th' House quite out at Windows;"
"Nought makes them or me ought sorry,"
"They dance lively with John Dory:"
"Holy Brethren with their Poet"
"Sing, nor care they much who know it."

evidence:-

old map:- Jenner 1643
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Table of distances, with map, hand coloured engraving, Westmerland ie Westmorland, scale about 16 miles to 1 inch, engraved by Jacob van Langeren, published by Thomas Jenner, Cornhill, London, 1643.

JEN3Sq.jpg
"Kendal"
dot, double circle, buildings, red tint
item:- private collection : 52.Wmd
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Jansson 1646
placename:- Kendall

source data:-

Map, hand coloured engraving, Cumbria and Westmoria, ie Cumberland and Westmorland, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, by John Jansson, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1646.

JAN3SD49.jpg
"Kendall"
Buildings and towers, suggestion of a wall, notice ?fence palings; upright lowercase text; market town.
item:- JandMN : 88
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

hearth tax returns:- Hearth Tax 1675
placename:- Kendal parish

source data:-

Records, hearth tax survey returns, Westmorland, 1674/75.
"Kendal parish"

evidence:-

hearth tax returns:- Hearth Tax 1675
placename:- Nethergraveship

source data:-

Records, hearth tax survey returns, Westmorland, 1674/75.
"Nethergraveship"

evidence:-

old road book:- Ogilby 1675 (edn 1698)
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

OB16p018.txt
page 18; describing plate 38 "The Continuation of the Road from / LONDON to CARLISLE in Cumberland."
"... to Kendal at 256'1 extending 1 M. on the Road."
"Kendal, a fair, large Town, pleasantly seated on Can or Kent flv. is of no great Antiquity, but noted for its Manufactures of Cotton, Druggets, Hats, Stockings, &c. It has a large Church with 12 Chappels of Ease, and on the East of the River, formerly stood a Castle, of which the ruinous Walls now only remain: 'Tis govern'd by a Mayor, 12 Mayor-Peers or Aldermen, 12 Common-Council-Men, a Recorder, &c. Near the Ch. is a fair Free-School well-endow'd, with Exhibitions to Queen's-College in Oxford: Here, is kept a great Mt. on Saturd. with 2 Fairs, viz. on April 25. Octob. 28. and between those Terms, a great Beast-Market every Fortnight."
item:- private collection : 367
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Ogilby 1675 (plate 96)
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Road strip map, hand coloured engraving, the Road from Kendal to Cockermouth, and the Road from Egremond to Carlisle, scale about 1 inch to 1 mile, by John Ogilby, London, 1675.

OG96m000.jpg
In mile 0, Westmoreland. "Kendal"
town plan, castle, river; Ogilby's route leaves at the end of Stricklandgate.
item:- JandMN : 22
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Ogilby 1675 (plate 38)
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Road strip map, hand coloured engraving, continuation of the Road from London to Carlisle, scale about 1 inch to 1 mile, by John Ogilby, London, 1675.

OG38m252.jpg
In mile 256, Westmoreland. "KENDAL"
town plan; Ogilby's route apparently goes round, not through the town, and keeps east of the river.
item:- JandMN : 21
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Berry 1679
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Road map, diagram, The Grand Roads of England, engraved by John Rich, made and published by William Berry, at the Sign of the Globe, London, 1679.
"Kendal"
market Saturday

evidence:-

old map:- Sanson 1679
placename:- Kendall

source data:-

Map, hand coloured engraving, Ancien Royaume de Northumberland aujourdhuy Provinces de Nort, ie the Ancient Kingdom of Northumberland or the Northern Provinces, scale about 9.5 miles to 1 inch, by Nicholas Sanson, Paris, France, 1679.

click to enlarge
SAN2Cm.jpg
"KENDALL"
circle, buildings and towers; town
item:- Dove Cottage : 2007.38.15
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Seller 1694 (Wmd)
placename:- Kendall

source data:-

Map, hand coloured engraving, Westmorland, scale about 8 miles to 1 inch, by John Seller, 1694.

click to enlarge
SEL7.jpg
"Kendall"
circle, upright lowercase text; town
item:- Dove Cottage : 2007.38.87
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Morden 1695 (EW)
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Map, hand coloured engraving, England, including Wales, scale about 27 miles to 1 inch, by Robert Morden, published by Abel Swale Awnsham and John Churchil, London, about 1695.

click to enlarge
MRD3Cm.jpg
"Kendal"
circle, tower; town, perhaps county town
item:- JandMN : 339
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Morden 1695 (Wmd)
placename:- Kendall

source data:-

Map, hand coloured engraving, Westmorland, scale about 2.5 miles to 1 inch, by Robert Morden, published by Abel Swale, the Unicorn, St Paul's Churchyard, Awnsham, and John Churchill, the Black Swan, Paternoster Row, London, 1695.

MD10SD59.jpg
"Kendall"
Circle, buildings, towers.
item:- JandMN : 24
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

descriptive text:- Fiennes 1698
placename:- Kendall
item:- char; potted char; Kendal green; cloth; leather; tanning; market

source data:-

Travel book, manuscript record of Journeys through England including parts of the Lake District, by Celia Fiennes, 1698.
"Kendall is a town built all of stone, one very broad streete in which is the market Crosse; its a goode tradeing town mostly famed for the cottons; Kendall Cotton is used for blanckets and the Scotts use them for their plodds and there is much made here and also linsiwoolseys and a great deale of leather tann'd here and all sorts of commodityes twice a week is the market furnished with all sorts of things."
"The River Can which gives name to the town is pretty large but full of rocks and stones that makes shelves and falls in the water, ... there are great falls of water partly naturall and added to by putting more stones in manner of wyers at which they catch salmon ... the roareing of the water at these places sometymes does foretell wet weather, they do observe when the water roares most in the fall on the northside it will be faire, if on the southside of the town it will be wet; some of them are falls as high as a house ... there are 3 or 4 good houses in the town, the rest are like good traders houses very neate and tight, the streets are all pitch'd which is extreame easy to be repair'd for the whole country is like one entire rock or pitching almost all the roads."
"At the Kings Arms one Mrs. Rowlandson she does pott up the charr fish the best of any in the country, I was curious to have some and so bespoke some of her [potted char], ... abundance of horses I see all about Kendall streetes with their burdens."
"This Kendall is the biggest town and much in the heart of Westmoreland but Appleby 10 mile off is the shire town where the session and assizes are held ..."

evidence:-

old map:- Ogilby 1699 map (edn 1712)
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Road map, uncoloured engraving, a New Mapp of the Roads of England, by John Ogilby, published by William Bray, Exeter Court, Strand, London, 1712.
"Kendal"

click to enlarge
OGY7Cm.jpg
item:- private collection : 263.1
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old text:- Ogilby 1699 (edn 1712)
placename:- Kendal
item:- market

source data:-

Road book, itineraries and map, The Traveller's Guide, by John Ogilby, published by Abel Swall, Tim Child, White Hart, and R Knaplock, the Angel and Crown, St Paul's Churchyard, London, 1699.
OGY7p072.txt
page 72
Distances from London "... and to Kendal at 256'1 extending 1M. on the Road."
"Kendal, a fair, large T. pleasantly seated on Can or Kent flv. is of no great Antiquity, but noted for its Manufactures of Cotton, Druggets, Hats, Stockings, &c. It has a large Ch. with 12 Chaps. of Ease, and on the E. of the Riv. formerly stood a Castle, of which the ruinous Walls now only remain: 'Tis govern'd by a Mayor, 12 Mayor-Peers or Aldermen, 12 Common-Council-Men, a Recorder, &c. Near the Ch. is a Free-School well-endowed, with Exhibitions to Queen's-College in Oxford: Here, is kept a great Mt. on Saturd. with 2 Fairs, viz. on April 25. Octob. 28. and between those Terms, a great Beast-Mt. every Fortnight."

evidence:-

old map, descriptive text:- Bowen 1720 (plate 93)
placename:- Kendal
item:- placename, Kendal; woollens; fair; charter; market; cattle

source data:-

Strip maps, uncoloured engravings, road maps, The Road from London to Carlisle, scale about 2 miles to 1 inch, with sections in Lancashire and Westmorland, published by Emanuel Bowen, St Katherines, London, 1720.

B093m252.jpg
"Kendal at 257 So called from its scituation on Kan or Kant Flu. Is a large Town, well built & populous, driving a Considerable Trade in the Woollen Manufacture. It had formerly a strong Castle, the Walls of which are partly yet standing, & has now a large Church & about 12 Chappels of ease. It was made a Corporation by Q. Eliz. 18[ ]. Regni & afterwards by K. James 1st. [22] Regni, consisting of a Mayor, 12 Ald~, 12 Com~on Councilmen, a Recorder, &c. Here is a good Freeschool well endowed with Exhibitions to Queens Coll. Oxon. Mt. Sat. Fairs Au. 25th. & Oct. 28. &between the said Fairs a great Mt. for Cattle once a Fortnight."
item:- Dove Cottage : 2007.38.100
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Bowen 1720 (plate 260)
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Road strip map, uncoloured engraving, pl.260, The Road from Kendal to Cockermouth, scale about 2 miles to 1 inch, with sections in Westmorland and Cumberland, published by Emanuel Bowen, St Katherines, London, 1720.

B260m25.jpg
An alternative engraving of the descriptive text appears on this plate.
item:- private collection : 1.260
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Millward and Dickinson 1737
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Road map, photocopy, diagram, A New and Correct Map of Roads of England, probably published by T Millward and B Dickinson, Inigo Jones's Head, Fleet Street, London, 1737.
"Kendal / 256"
miles fom London

click to enlarge
MWD1Cm.jpg
item:- private collection : 264
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old print:- Buck 1739

source data:-

Print, uncoloured engraving, The East View of Kendal Castle, in the County of Westmorland, drawn and engraved by Samuel and Nathaniel Buck, published 1739.

click to enlarge
BU0222.jpg
printed, top "THE EAST VIEW OF KENDAL-CASTLE, IN THE COUNTY OF WESTMORLAND."
item:- Armitt Library : 1959.67.22
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Badeslade 1742
placename:- Kirby in Kendale

source data:-

Maps, Westmorland North from London, scale about 10 miles to 1 inch, and Cumberland North from London, scale about 11 miles to 1 inch, with descriptive text, by Thomas Badeslade, London, engraved and published by William Henry Toms, Union Court, Holborn, London, 1742; published 1742-49.
"Kirby in Kendale is the largest Town in the County, Market Saturday, Fairs Monday before Lady-day, and Trinity Monday."
"..."
"... The S. part of the County [Westmorland] is divided into 2 by the Can or Ken, which gives name to Kendale ..."

evidence:-

old map:- Badeslade 1742
placename:- Kendall

source data:-

Map, uncoloured engraving, A Map of Westmorland North from London, scale about 10 miles to 1 inch, with descriptive text, by Thomas Badeslade, London, engraved and published by William Henry Toms, Union Court, Holborn, London, 1742.

click to enlarge
BD12.jpg
"Kendall / 203 m"
circle, tower/s, upright lowercase text; town, distance from London
item:- Dove Cottage : 2007.38.62
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old text:- Gents Mag
item:- rebellion, 1745; 1745 Rebellion

source data:-

Magazine, The Gentleman's Magazine or Monthly Intelligencer or Historical Chronicle, published by Edward Cave under the pseudonym Sylvanus Urban, and by other publishers, London, monthly from 1731 to 1922.

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Gentleman's Magazine 1745 p.624
"From the London Gazette extraordinary. Whitehall, Dec. 18 [1745]."
"... The person call'd duke of Perth, with about 150 horse, left the rebel army upon the 11th at Lancaster, and took the road towards Carlisle, giving out, that he was going to fetch a reinforcement. Notice thereof has been sent to all the towns through which he was to pass, and it was hoped the country people would intercept him. ..."
"Accordingly, as other letters add, the people fell upon this party at Kendal, took 3 men and 2 women, and some horses, but three of the town were killed. This was on the 14th at noon. ..."

evidence:-

old text:- Gents Mag 1745
item:- rebellion, 1745; 1745 Rebellion; beacon

source data:-

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Gentleman's Magazine 1745 p.625 "... Dec. 14 [1745]. ... About ten this morning the van-guard of the rebels, consisting of 110 men, equip'd and accoutred like Hussars, entred Kendal on horseback, with a chaise, in which was a person in woman's dress, rode up the town quietly, and turned thro' the fish-market down to the bridge leading to Penrith; but as they were pursuing their route thro' the town, without stopping, and were almost got out of it, a gun was fired out of a house, and one of the rebels kill'd; whereupon the town's people closed in, and took two more prisoners. The rest of them gallop'd on towards the bridge, where a halt was made on a sudden, and a few muskets discharg'd at the people, and an ostler and shoemaker thereby kill'd upon the spot. They then made a general volley, but without doing any more mischief, and after that pursued their way as fast as they could towards Shap. Their horses seem's very much harassed and jaded."
"... Dec. 17. A party of rebel horse (about 100) amongst whom was the D. of Perth, so call'd, pass'd thro' Kendal on Saturday morning about ten; the country and town's people mobb'd their rear, which fir'd and kill'd two or three, and proceeded forward towards Penrith. On Sunday after dinner a party of horse came into Kendal, amongst whom was their commissary; and an hour afterwards came the rest, horse and foot, and were coming in till after dark. Their artillery, consisting of 12 or 13 small pieces, was about the middle of the corps, with several cover'd carts. The duke of Perth, so call'd, after the scuffle above mention'd at Kendal, proceeded on to Shap, and intended for Penrith; but seeing the beacons on fire, and hearing it was done to call in the country, sent a small party to the round table, which is a mile on this side of Penrith, and five from Shap to make enquiries; and finding it true, he return'd for safety to Kendal about two in the morning of the 16th. Between four and five the drums began to beat, and the men march'd out from day-break till near ten, in the same order as they enter'd, Ld George Murray being with the last company."

evidence:-

old text:- Gents Mag
item:- rebeliion, 1745; 1745 Rebellion

source data:-

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Gentleman's Magazine 1745 p.612 "... ..."
"Letters from Kendal of the 21st [Nov 1745] bring advice, that about 120 horse, belonging to the rebels, were come into that town, and that orders had been given for preparing quarters for 2000 foot, which were to be there that evening under the command of lord George Murray. Letters of the 22d from the same place say, that the rebels were arriv'd there, and that they gave out that they propos'd to be at Lancaster upon the 23d."

evidence:-

old text:- Gents Mag
item:- rebellion, 1745; 1745 Rebellion

source data:-

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Gentleman's Magazine 1746 p.62 "Mr URBAN, Feb. 10, 1745-6."
"AS the intelligence convey'd to us by your magazine is very much depended upon, and may furnish materials for a more compleat history of the present troubles, it becomes every one, to furnish you with proper incidents."
"In your Mag. for December, p.624 C, in the note, and p.625 F, you have given some account of the D. of Perth's being attack'd at Kendal, and of his procedure afterwards till his joining the main body of the rebels; but as it is imperfect, I would supply its deficiencies with an exact representation of the affair."
"Dec. 14. The D. of Perth with about 110 men, the vanguard of the rebels, dress'd in imitation of hussars, entred Kendal and pass'd quietly till they came to Tinkle-street, where the mob suddenly rising fell upon them, with clubs, stones, or any thing they could pick up in their hurry. The D.'s men made a short stand a little below the fish market, and fir'd several shot, by which four people received wounds of which they died. Of the rebels none were kill'd on the place, but four made prisoners, one of them Perth's servant, who rid on a good horse, and had a mail behind him, which were secured. Then the rebels push'd forward as fast as their horses could carry them near a quarter of a mile, till they came at the bridge, being pursued all the way by the enraged people, throwing stones, &c. at them. Their rear made another stand here, and seem'd as if they would return, but a townsman, having crept privately to the end of the bridge, fir'd at the foremost, who immediately let his gun and cloak fall, and could not turn his horse, but by the help of his companions he got off; ..."

evidence:-

old map:- Simpson 1746 map (Wmd)
placename:- Kendall

source data:-

Map, uncoloured engraving, Westmorland, scale about 8 miles to 1 inch, printed by R Walker, Fleet Lane, London, 1746.

SMP2SDP.jpg
"Kendall"
Building; labelled as a town.
item:- Dove Cottage : 2007.38.59
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

descriptive text:- Simpson 1746
placename:-  Kendal
placename:-  Kirkby Candale
placename:-  Brovonaca
placename:-  Concangi
item:-  charter; woollens; Kendal Cloths; cottons; druggets; serges; hat; worsted; stockings; market; fair

source data:-

Atlas, three volumes of maps and descriptive text published as 'The Agreeable Historian, or the Compleat English Traveller ...', by Samuel Simpson, 1746.

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Page 1023:- "..."
"Kendal, called also Kirkby Candale, i.e. a Church in the Valley upon the River Can, over which it has two Bridges of Stone, and one of Wood, and a Harbour for Boats. Dr. Gale thinks it to be the Brovonaca of Antoninus, and allows that it was the Station of the Romans, called Concangi; but both these Points are disputed. 'Tis much superior to Appleby in Trade, Buildings, and the Number and Wealth of the Inhabitants, and is indeed the largest Town in the County. It has two good Streets, which cross each other, and is inriched by the Industry of the Townsmen, and the Woollen Manufacture, with which they have drove a Trade throughout England ever since the Reign of Edward III. As early as Richard II. and Henry IV. special Laws were enacted on purpose for regulating Kendal Cloths. Queen Elizabeth erected it into a Corporation by the Name of Aldermen and Burgesses; and King James I. incorporated it with a Mayor, Recorder, Town-Clerk, twelve Aldermen, twenty four Burgesses, and two Attorneys, of whom the Mayor, Recorder, and two Senior Aldermen, are always Justices of the Peace. It is of Note also for the Manufacture of Cottons, Druggets, Serges, Hats, Worsted, and Yarn Stockings, &c. Its Markets are on Saturday, and the Monday before Lady day, and its Fairs are on [Trinity]"

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Page 1024:- "Trinity Monday, April 25, October 28, and between them a great Beast-market every Fortnight."
"There are seven trading Companies belonging to the Town, viz. Mercers, Sheermen, Cordwainers, Tanners, Glovers, Taylors, and Pewterers, who have each their Hall. The Church here is beautiful, and very large, and yet has twelve Chapels of Ease belonging to it. 'Tis supported by five Rows of handsome Pillars. Near the Church is Free-School well endowed, with Exhibitions for such Scholars as are sent hence to Queen's-College, Oxford. There's a Charity-School here for sixteen Boys and ten Girls, all cloathed and taught. At a little Distance from the wooden Bridge are the Ruins of a Castle, in which Catherine Parr, the sixth Wife of Henry VIII. was born."
"This Place has had the great honour of giving Title of Baron, Earl and Duke, particularly that of Earl to Prince George of Denmark; and last of all, that of Dutchess to the late Melusina Schulenberg, who had before been created Dutchess of Munster in Ireland."

evidence:-

descriptive text:- Bickham 1753-54

source data:-

Maps, A Map of Westmorland, 1753, and A Map of Cumberland, 1754, by George Bickham, James Street, Bunhill Fields, London; published 1750s-96.
"Kendal is large and populous, and has twelve Chappels of Ease to its single Church. Here are seven incorporated Companies, and a noble Free School. A little Fray happen'd here last Year between ye Rebels, in their advance Southward, and some of the Inhabitants."

evidence:-

old map:- Bickham 1753-54 (Wmd)
placename:- Kendall

source data:-

Map, uncoloured engraving, perspective view, A Map of Westmorland, North from London, by George Bickham, James Street, Bunhill Fields, London, 1753.

click to enlarge
BCK3.jpg
"Kendall"
view (sort of)
item:- Armitt Library : 2008.14.71
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Bowen and Kitchin 1760
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Map, hand coloured engraving, A New Map of the Counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland Divided into their Respective Wards, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by Emanuel Bowen and Thomas Kitchin et al, published by T Bowles, Robert Sayer, and John Bowles, London, 1760.

BO18SD49.jpg
"Kendal Mar. Sat."
blocks, on road, street plan, town, market, small plain cross for a charity school?
item:- Armitt Library : 2008.14.10
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Jefferys 1770
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Map, 4 sheets, The County of Westmoreland, scale 1 inch to 1 mile, surveyed 1768, and engraved and published by Thomas Jefferys, London, 1770.

JEF5Kndl.jpg
"KENDAL"
blocks on a street plan, church, large houses, castle, mills, bridges, etc (the source map has a town plan of Kendal)
item:- National Library of Scotland : EME.s.47
Image © National Library of Scotland

evidence:-

old map:- Jefferys 1770
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Map, 4 sheets, The County of Westmoreland, scale 1 inch to 1 mile, surveyed 1768, and engraved and published by Thomas Jefferys, London, 1770.

click to enlarge
JEF5Kn.jpg
item:- National Library of Scotland : EME.s.47
Image © National Library of Scotland

evidence:-

old text:- Pennant 1773

source data:-

Book, A Tour from Downing to Alston Moor, 1773, by Thomas Pennant, published by Edward Harding, 98 Pall Mall, London, 1801.

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Pennant's Tour 1773, page 120 "I am surprised that Dr. Burn should omit the mention of a native of this town [Kendal], who would have done honour to any county - Thomas Shaw, the celebrated traveller, was born here in 1693: he was son of Gabriel Shaw, shearman and dyer, a reputable and profitable business. The merit of his travels in Barbary, Egypt, and the Holy Land, are justly held in the highest estimation, and beyond the danger of being either depreciated or superseded. He became Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, and was promoted to the Headship of Edmund-hall; and, in 1751, died in high reputation, for knowledge, probity, and pleasantry. His countenance was grotesque, but marked most strongly with jocularity and good-humour, so as to diffuse into the company the full effects of his innocent and instructive mirth. The print prefixed to his works is a faithful representation of this excellent and able character."

evidence:-

old map:- Pennant 1777
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Map, hand coloured engraving, A Map of Scotland, Hebrides and Part of England, drawn for Thomas Pennant, engraved by J Bayly, published by Benjamin White, London, 1777.

click to enlarge
PEN1Cm.jpg
"CONCANGIUM / Kendal"
circle; buildings, village, etc
item:- private collection : 66
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

descriptive text:- West 1778 (11th edn 1821)
placename:- Concangium
item:- charter; market charter; woollens; cotton goods; weaving; stockings; silk spinning; ivory comb; comb; card; wool card

source data:-

Guide book, A Guide to the Lakes, by Thomas West, published by William Pennington, Kendal, Cumbria once Westmorland, and in London, 1778 to 1821.

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Page 177:- "KENDAL. [1]"
"The approach to it from the north is pleasant. A noble river, the Kent, is discovered flowing briskly through fertile fields, and visiting the town in its whole length. It is crossed by a handsome bridge, where three great roads coincide, from Sedbergh, Kirkby-Stephen, and Penrith. The main street leading from the bridge slopes upwards to the centre of the town, and contracts itself into an inconvenient passage, [2] where it joins another principal street, which falls with a gentle declivity both ways, and is a mile in length, and of spacious breadth. Was an area for a market-place opened at the incidence of these two streets, it would be a noble improvement. The entrance from the south is by another bridge, which makes a short awkward turn into the suburbs, but after that, the street opens well, and the town has a chearful appearance. The principal inns are genteel, commodious, and plentifully served."
"Here is a workhouse for the poor, which for neatness and oeconomy exceeds most of the kind in the kingdom."
"[1] Concangium, Not. Imp."
"[2] This passage is now widened; and a new street has been opened from near the centre of the town, to the river side, which has much improved the road through it for carriages."

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Page 178:- "The objects most worthy of notice here are the manufactories. The chief of these are of Kendal cottons (a coarse woollen cloth) of linseys, toilonets, kerseymeres, callicoes, and of knit worsted stockings. Also a considerable tannery is carried on in this town. The less (sic) manufactures are, of fish hooks, of waste silk (which is received from London, and after scouring, combing, and spinning, is returned) of ivory combs, and of wool cards, in which branch considerable improvements have been made by the curious machines invented here for that purpose. There are other articles of industry well worth seeing; as the mills for scouring, fulling, and frizing cloth, for cutting and rasping dying wood, &c. But what is most to the credit of this place, is, that notwithstanding many inconveniences, which this town has laboured under, the manufactures have all along continued to flourish, and have of late years been greatly increased by the spirit and industry of the inhabitants. These manufactures are particularly noticed so early as the reign of King Richard II, and Henry IV. when special laws were enacted for the better regulation of Kendal-cloths, &c."

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Page 179:- "When William the Conqueror gave the barony of Kendal to Ivo de Taillebois, the inhabitants of the town were villain-tenants of the baronial lord; but one of his successors emancipated them, and confirmed their burgages to them, by charter. Queen Elizabeth, in the 18th year of her reign, erected it into a corporation, by the name of aldermen and burgesses; and afterwards King Charles I. incorporated it with a mayor, 12 aldermen, and 20 capital burgesses."
"Mr. Gray's description of this town is injurious to it; but his account of the church and castle is worth transcribing. 'Near the end of the town, stands a handsome house of Colonel Wilson's, and adjoining it, the"

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Page 180:- "church, a very large Gothic fabric, with a square tower; it has no particular ornaments, but double aisles, and at the east four chapels, or choirs.' Mr. Gray's account then proceeds to the inside of the church, ..."

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Page 182:- "..."
"The castle he describes thus:- 'The remains of the castle are seated on a fine hill, on the side of the river opposite to the town; ...'"
"..."

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Page 190:- "A TABLE OF THE Height of Mountains and Lakes SEEN IN THIS TOUR, ... TAKEN FROM THE LEVEL OF THE SEA. ... by Mr. John Dalton."
"Town of Kendal ... 46 [yards]"

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Addendum; Mr Gray's Journal, 1769
Page 212:- "..."
"I now reached Ambleside, ... meaning to lie there; but on looking into the best bed-chamber, ... grew delicate, gave up Windermere in despair, and resolved I would go on to Kendal directly, fourteen miles further ..."

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Page 213:- "..."
"... the dusk of the evening coming on, I entered Kendal almost in the dark, and could distinguish only a shadow of the castle on a hill, and tenter grounds spread far and wide round the town, which I mistook for houses. My inn promised sadly, having two wooden galleries, like Scotland, in front of it: it was indeed an ill-contrived house, but kept by civil, sensible people; so I stayed two nights with them, and fared and slept very comfortably."
"Oct. 9. The air mild as summer, all corn off the ground, and the sky-larks singing aloud ... I went up the castle-hill: the town chiefly consists of three nearly parallel streets, almost a mile long; except these, all the other houses seem as if they had been dancing a country dance, and were out: there they stand back to back, corner to corner, some up-hill, some down, without intent or meaning. Along by their side runs a fine brisk stream, over which there are three stone bridges: the buildings (a few comfortable houses excepted) are mean, of stone, and covered with a"

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Page 214:- "bad rough-cast [1]. Near the end of the town stands a handsome house of Colonel Wilson's, and adjoining to it the church, a very large gothic fabric, with a square tower, ... ... The remains of the castle are seated on a fine hill on the side of the river opposite the town; almost the whole inclosure of the walls remain, with four towers, two square and two round, but their upper parts"
"[1] [The accounts of things given by hasty travellers, are generally inaccurate and often injudicious. As to the principal streets in Kendal, they are neither three in number, nor nearly parallel. They are but two. One about a mile in length, and another about half a mile. These streets contain indeed not many elegant houses; they are however on the whole as open and well-built as in most other towns. As to the bad rough-cast our author speaks of, judges of rough-cast have always supposed this country no way deficient in the materials, or in the manner of laying it on.]"

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Page 215:- "or embattlements are demolished; ... There is a good view of the town and river, with a fertile open valley, though which it winds."

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Tour to the Caves in the West Riding of Yorkshire, late 18th century
Page 244:- "..."
"... Many of the smaller farmers, betwixt Kirkby-Lonsdale and Kendal, earn their bread with carrying coals, during most part of the year, from the pits at Ingleton, Black-Burton, or properly Burton-in-Lonsdale, to Kendal and the neighbouring places ..."

evidence:-

old map:- West 1784 map
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Map, hand coloured engraving, A Map of the Lakes in Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, engraved by Paas, 53 Holborn, London, about 1784.

Ws02SD59.jpg
"KENDAL"
As well as buildings there is a castle to the east.
item:- Armitt Library : A1221.1
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old text:- Camden 1789 (Gough Additions)
item:- fish; market

source data:-

Book, Britannia, or A Chorographical Description of the Flourishing Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, by William Camden, 1586, translated from the 1607 Latin edition by Richard Gough, published London, 1789.

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Page 150:- "... All these bodies of water [lakes] abound with divers species of fish, as trout, eels, bass, perch, tench, roach, pike, char and divers others. The south coast is pretty well furnished with sea-fish, of which upwards of thirty different sorts have been brought to Kendal market, till by the improvement of the town and port of Lancaster the market for fish is considerably drawn that way."

evidence:-

old text:- Camden 1789 (Gough Additions)
placename:-  Kendale
placename:-  Kirby Kendale
item:-  stockings; woollens; Kendal cloth; market

source data:-

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Page 151:- "..."
""In Westmorland is but one good market town called Kendale, otherwise, as I wene, Kirkby Kendale. It hath the name of the river called Kent, unde &Kendale, sed emporium laneis pannis celeberrimum. In the town is but one church: the circuit of the parish by the country adjacent hath many chapels and divers in the town itself. ...""
"Kendal is a large town situated in a beautiful valley prettily cultivated and watered by the river Kent. The principal street is above a mile long, rising north and south; the houses old and irregular, mostly of stone plaistered, yet the whole has an appearance of neatness and industry: the number of inhabitants"

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Page 152:- "about 7,000, chiefly engaged in manufacturing of linseys, worsted stockings woven and knit, and a coarse woollen cloth called cottons, sent to Glasgow and thence to Virginia for the use of the negroes. These manufactures employ great quantities of wool from Durham and Scotland. As early as Richard II. and Henry IV. we find special laws enacted on purpose for the regulating of Kendale-clothes. Kendal has a large weekly market. Elizabeth a. r. 18 erected it into a corporation by the name of aldermen and burgesses. Charles I. incorporated it with a mayor, 12 aldermen, and 20 burgesses. This charter was surrendered to Charles II. who regranted it with a few alterations. ... The parish comprehends 24 townships or constablewicks, and was antiently larger. ... A chapel of ease was erected 1754, by the legacy of the most benevolent Dr. Stratford, commissary of the archdeaconry of Richmond, with the residue of whose property 58 small livings were augmented in this and adjoining counties, and other charities performed. ..."
"Charles Stuart 3d son of James duke of York after king James II. was created duke of Kendal 1664. Prince George of Denmark was created duke of Cumberland and earl of Kendal; and Melusina Erengart Schulenburg, who had before been created duchess of Munster in Ireland, was further honoured with the title of duchess of Kendal, countess of Glassenbury, and countess of Faversham."
"Kendal gave birth to Dr. Barnaby Potter bishop of Chester, Dr. Christopher Potter, provost of Queen's college, Oxford, and Dr. Thomas Shaw the traveller and principal of Edmund hall."

evidence:-

old text:- Camden 1789
placename:-  Candale
placename:-  Kirkeby Candale
placename:-  Concangios
item:-  woollens

source data:-

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Page 147:- "..."
"... on whose [River Can] western banks is the populous town of Candale or Kirkeby Candale, q.d. the church in the valley on the Can, with two long streets intersecting each other, and eminent for its woollen manufacture, and the industry of its inhabitants, who carry on a great trade in woollen cloth all over England, and esteem it their highest honour that they have had barons and earls of their own. The first of these are descended from Ivo Taleboys, of whose posterity William by leave of Henry II. styled himself William of Lancaster, whose niece and heiress married Gilbert Fitz Roger Fitz Reinfrid, by whose daughters on the death of his son William, the estate passed to Peter Brus second lord of Skelton of that Christian name, and William Lindesay, from whom Ingelram lord of Coucy in France derived his descent by the mother's side as we find in the history of Forness abbey. By a daughter of this Peter Brus, sister and heir of Peter Brus the 3d, this barony came to the Rosses of Werke, and from them this honour devolved by inheritance on the Parrs, whose castle overagainst the town is now decaying with age. I find three earls, John duke of Bedford, so created by his brother king Henry V. John duke of Somerset and John de Foix of the illustrious family of Foix in France, whom Henry VI. advanced to this dignity for his faithful services in the French wars; whence it probably comes that some of this family of Foix in France are still called Candale. I know no other claim that Kendal has to antiquity. I once, indeed, imagined that it was the Roman station CONCANGIOS, but time has better informed me. ..."

evidence:-

old map:- Cary 1789 (edn 1805)
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Map, uncoloured engraving, Westmoreland, scale about 2.5 miles to 1 inch, by John Cary, London, 1789; edition 1805.

CY24SD59.jpg
"KENDAL"
group of blocks, labelled in block caps; town
item:- JandMN : 129
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Aikin 1790 (Wmd)
placename:- Kendall

source data:-

Map, uncoloured engraving, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 8.5 miles to 1 inch, by John Aikin, London, 1790.

click to enlarge
AIK2.jpg
"Kendall"
circle; town
item:- JandMN : 51
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old text:- Gents Mag
item:- weather; birds; meteorological diary

source data:-

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Gentleman's Magazine 1792 p.1197 "Kendal, Jan. 8."
"Mr. URBAN,"
"PERHAPS the following remarks on the weather and natural history of a part of the country, where nothing of the kind has been before attempted, may prove acceptable to your philosophical readers, It will be necessary to add, that this year has been the wettest we have experienced since the commencement of my Journal in 1787."
"JOHN GOUGH."
"Abstract of a Meteorological Diary, kept at Kendal for 1792."
"Explanation of the Table. - The first column contains the month; the second, the mean height ofthe barometer in inches and decimals; the third and fourth, the greatest and least heights; the fifth, the space moved through by the mercury; the sixth, the mean of the thermometer; the seventh and eighth, the mean of the hottest and coldest days; the ninth, the height of the rain in inches; the tenth, the number of wet days."

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G792E01.jpg
"N.B. The means in the foregoing Table are taken from three observations each day, without one ommission. The space moved through by the mercury is found by adding together the differences arising from the subtraction of the different heights of the column, in the barometer, at each successive change."
"Notes for the year 1792."
"February 1. The hedge-sparrow, motacilla modularis, singing."
"4. Thrush, turdus musicus, singing."
"12. Rooks, corvus fragilegus, building."
"15. The chaffinch, fringilla coelebs, singing. The female was seen on the 25th: none were observable in January. Is the return of these birds proclaimed by the song of the male?"
"March 6. Yellow wagtail, motacilla flava, singing."
"18. Woodcocks, scolopax rusticula, are very abundant at present, after disappearing for a fortnight. These visitors, perhaps, are on their return from Ireland to the Continent."
"24. The wheatear, motacilla oenan; the female taken on the hills."
"29. The sand martin, hirundo riparia, two seen, and again on the 31st."
"April 4. The redbreast, motacilla rubicula, has reired to the woods."
"6. Bees busy on the gooseberry blossom."
"8. The redstart, motacilla phoenicurus, seen; the same began to sing on the 25th."
"11. Swallows, hirundo rustica, two seen; they were numerous on the 13th."
"15. Blackcap, motacilla atracapilla, singing."
"23. Phryganea bicaudata, plentiful. Few swallows seen since the 13th. The sand-martins mentioned in March have been stragglers, as they disappeared again. The cuckow, cuculus canorus, heard this day."
"25. The whitethroat, motocilla sylvia, singing."
"29. The shrew, sorex araneous, abroad, and a wasp, vespa vulgaris, and the stonechatter, motacilla rubicola."
"30. The swift, hirundo apus."
"May 14. The corncrake, rallus crex, crying in the grass. n.b. This bird breeds here in June."
"15. Young sparrows, fringilla domestica, fledged."
"22. The quail, tetroa coturnix, rare here."
"June 4. Cockchaffer, scaraboeus melolontha, on the wing."
"A little hay cut between the 16th and 27th."
"August 7. The swifts have been gra-"

evidence:-

old text:- Gents Mag 1792
item:- flower

source data:-

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Gentleman's Magazine 1792 p.1198 "[gra]dually disappearing since the 5th. They have remained with us 104 days this year."
"13. The redbreast is returned to the town. All the song birds are silent at present, except the redbreast, about the houses; and the yellowhammer, emberiza citrinella, in the hedges. Hay-harvest nearly finished."
"17. Oats reaped."
"September 5. Swallows, hirundo rustica, in flocks. These birds were seen till the 24th; not after."
"25. The fieldfare, turdus pilaris."
"October 2. The woodcock, scolopax rusticola."
"15. The harvest finished."
"November. The chaffinch, fringilla coelebs. Large flocks of the females, separate from the males, seen in the hedges on the first, some as late as on the 12th."
"17. The water ouzel, sturnus cinclus, singing, and fishing in the shallow parts of the river."
"Progress of Vegetation, determined from the time of flowering of wild Plants."
"February 26. Galanthus nivalis."
"March 21. Ficaria verna, viola canina. 22. Narcissus pseudo-narcissus. 28. Mercurialis perennis."
"April 4. Ribes glossularia. 6. Adoxa moschatellina, Anemone nemorosa, Oxalis acetosella. 12. plum-tree, Alchemilla vulgaris, Prunus spinosa. 15. Cherry-tree, Primuka veris, Cardamine pratensis, Leontodon taraxacum. 17. Pear-tree. 29. Geum rivale, Stellaria nemorum. 30. Erysimum alliaria."
"May 6. Hyacinthus non-scriptus, Trollius Europaeus. 9. Paris quadrifolia, Orchis morio. 15. Geranium sylvaticum, Asperula odorata, Lychnis dioica. 17. Saxifraga granulata. 20. Crataegus oxycantha."
"June 1. Ophrys ovata, Punguicula vulgaris. 7. Comarum paulstre, Lychnis flos-cuculi. 10 Digitalis purpurea."

evidence:-

old map:- Bailey 1797
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Map, soil etc, uncoloured engraving, Westmoreland, scale about 12 miles to 1 inch, by J Bailey, engraved by Neele, Strand, published by Messrs Robinson, Paternoster Row and G Nicol, Pall Mall, London, 1797.

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BY05.jpg
"Kendal"
group of blocks; town
item:- Armitt Library : A680.3
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

road book:- Cary 1798 (2nd edn 1802)
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Road book, itineraries, Cary's New Itinerary, by John Cary, 181 Strand, London, 2nd edn 1802.

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click to enlarge
C38267.jpg
page 267-268 "Kendal - King's Arms / At Kendal, on r. T.Rs. to Sedbergh, Kirkby Stephen, and Appleby; on l. to Milthorpe, Ulverston, Winander Mere, and Ambleside."
market town, post office

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click to enlarge
C38269.jpg
page 269-270 "INNS. ... Kendal, Crown, King's Arms. ..."

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click to enlarge
C38315.jpg
page 315-316 "Kendal"
market town, post town "INNS. Kendal, Crown, King's Arms, W. Hart."

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click to enlarge
C38315.jpg
page 315-316 "To Kendal, p.268"

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click to enlarge
C38317.jpg
page 317-318 "To Kendal, p.268"
market town, post office

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click to enlarge
C38319.jpg
page 319-320 "To Kendal, p.268"
market town, post office

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click to enlarge
C38333.jpg
page 333-334 "Kendal"
market town, post office "INNS. ... Kendal, Crown, King's Arms, W. Hart."
item:- JandMN : 228.1
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

road book:- Cary 1798 (2nd edn 1802)
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Road book, itineraries, Cary's New Itinerary, by John Cary, 181 Strand, London, 2nd edn 1802.

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click to enlarge
C38653.jpg
page 653-654 "INNS, Kendal, Crown, King's Arms. ..."
item:- JandMN : 228.2
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Housman 1800 map 2
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Town plan, uncoloured engraving, Plan of Kendal, scale about 6 inches to 1 mile, engraved by James Lowes, 1798 published by F Jollie, Carlisle, Cumberland, 1800.

click to enlarge
HM08.jpg
Town plan, uncoloured engraving, Plan of Kendal, scale about 6 inches to 1 mile, engraved by James Lowes, 1798 published by F Jollie, Carlisle, Cumberland, 1800.
Taken from a guide book, A Descriptive Tour, and Guide to the Lakes, Caves and Mountains, by John Housman, 1800, 5th edn 1812.
printed at oval cartouche, lower left:- "A / PLAN OF / KENDAL, / in the County / OF / Westmoreland. / J. Lowes Sculp 1798."
printed at with scale line:- "Scale of Yards."
item:- JandMN : 233.2
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

descriptive text:- Baker 1802
placename:- Kendal
item:- charter

source data:-

Perspective road map with sections in Lancashire, Westmorland, and Cumberland, by J Baker, London 1802.
pp.25-26:- "..."
"At the approach to Kendal, where I made my sketch for the plan of that town - It deceitfully appears to be situated in a secure valley, contiguous to which, on a hill to the right, are the ruins of the castle. Another similar eminence, ornamented with an obelisk, is called Castlebow Hill. From either of these may be obtained the most complete view of the adjacent river Kent, and surrounding country, and as many deep valleys are comprehended in this prospect, the apparent situation of the town, by a comparison with them, rises to a greater eminence. It is very ancient, and still retains several British and Roman remains. Here were early planted some of our most productive manufactories, particularly those of woollen cloths, cottons, and stockings, which have since branched so widely and profitably to other pasrt of the kingdom. Queen Elizabeth erected the town into a corporation; and Charles the First confirmed and enlarged the charter. It hath a mayor, 12 aldermen, and 20 capital burgesses. It is recorded by a Latin inscription on the wall of the vestry in the church at Penrith, that 2500 people died here in 1598, of the plague. The market, inns, and principal shops of trade are on the highest ground, near half a mile from the entrance of the town; from thence to the north is another street of nearly the same length; another leads by similar distance to cross the river Kent on the eastward, and by means of this latter the post road is continued to Shap."

evidence:-

old map:- Baker 1802
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Perspective road maps with sections in Lancashire, Westmorland and Cumberland, by J Baker, London 1802.

Bk03Vg13.jpg
"Kendal"
item:- private collection : 3
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Cooke 1802
placename:- Kendall

source data:-

Map, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 12 miles to 1 inch, by George Cooke, 1802, published by Sherwood, Jones and Co, Paternoster Road, London, 1824.

click to enlarge
GRA1Wd.jpg
"Kendall / 257"
blocks, upright lowercase text; town, distance from London
item:- Hampshire Museums : FA2000.62.4
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Cooke 1802
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Map, The Lakes, Westmorland and Cumberland, scale about 8.5 miles to 1 inch, engravedby Neele and Son, published by Sherwood, Jones and Co, Paternoster Road, London, 1824.

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GRA1Lk.jpg
"Kendal"
blocks, upright lowercase text; town
item:- Hampshire Museums : FA2000.62.5
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Luffman 1803
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Map, hand coloured engraving, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 37 miles to 1 inch, by John Luffman, 28 Little Bell Alley, Coleman Street, London, 1803-06.

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LUF4.jpg
"Kendal"
circle; town
item:- Dove Cottage : 2007.38.46
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old text:- Gents Mag
item:- rainfall

source data:-

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Gentleman's Magazine 1807 p.637

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G8070637.jpg
Rainfall for various places in England and Scotland, including Dalton, Lancashire and Kendal, Westmorland, January to December 1806

evidence:-

old map:- Laurie and Whittle 1806
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Road map, Completion of the Roads to the Lakes, scale about 10 miles to 1 inch, by Nathaniel Coltman? 1806, published by Robert H Laurie, 53 Fleet Street, London, 1834.

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Lw18.jpg
"Kendal 261¾"
market town; distance from London
item:- private collection : 18.18
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Laurie and Whittle 1806
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Road map, Continuation of the Roads to Glasgow and Edinburgh, scale about 10 miles to 1 inch, by Nathaniel Coltman? 1806, published by Robert H Laurie, 53 Fleet Street, London, 1834.

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Lw21.jpg
"Kendal 264½"
market town; distance from London; travellers supplied with post horses or carriages
item:- private collection : 18.21
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old text:- Capper 1808
placename:-  Kendal
placename:-  Kirby in Kendal
item:-  population; market; fair; placename, Kendal

source data:-

Gazetteer, A Topographical Dictionary of the United Kingdom, compiled by Benjamin Pitts Capper, published by Richard Phillips, Bridge Street, Blackfriars, London, 1808; published 1808-29.

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"..."
"KENDAL, a market-town and parish in Kendal ward, Westmoreland; it is 22 miles from Lancaster, and 260 fom London, and is sometimes called Kirby in Kendal, that is, a church in a valley, from its being situated in a pleasant valley on the banks of the river Ken; it contains 1394 houses and 6892 inhabitants, viz. 2950 males and 3942 females, of whom 3729 were returned as employed in various trades and manufactures, and 151 in agriculture. The manufactures of cottons, coarse woollens, lindseys, druggetts, worsted stockings, flannels, and serges, are here very considerable, and there are several small manufactories of hardware. Here are seven trading companies, each having their hall, viz. Mercers, Tanners, Glovers, Sheermen, Cordwainers, Taylors, and Pewterers. The church is a large Gothic fabric, ... North of the church is Abbot Hall, ... The Ken is crossed from the north by an ancient bridge, and the main street, leading from it, slopes towards the centre of the town, where it joins another principal street, being about one mile long, and of a spacious breadth. The entrance from the south is by another bridge, which makes a short turn into the outskirts of the town, where the street expands, and has a pleasant appearance. A new street has been built from the centre of the town towards the river, and there has lately been erected some very convenient and neat butchers' shambles. Near the church is a free school, connected with Queen's college, Oxford. Here are chapels for Quakers, Methodists, Presbyterians, and Roman Catholics. The buildings in general have a handsome appearance, being of limestone covered with blue slate. There are several charitable institutions, and the workhouse is very commodious. On the top of a high hill west of the town are the ruins of a very ancient castle, opposite to which is an artificial cone-shaped mount, called Castle Law hill. ... The river abounds with salmon and trout, over which there are three bridges, and on the banks live a number of dyers and tanners. By the inland navigation this town has communication with the rivers Mersey, Dee, Ribble, Ouse, Trent, Severn, Humber, Thames, Avon, &c. extending above 500 miles through most of the inland counties. Here are kept the sessions for the barony of Kendal. It has a new house of correction with cells underneath. It is incorporated under a mayor, 12 aldermen, and 24 capital burgesses. Several Roman stations are observable in the neighbourhood. The living is a vicarage, value 92l. 5s. in the patronage of Trinty college, Cambridge. - Burn's Westmoreland."
"..."

evidence:-

old map:- Cooper 1808
placename:- Kirkby Kendal

source data:-

Map, hand coloured engraving, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 9 miles to 1 inch, by H Cooper, 1808, published by R Phillips, Bridge Street, Blackfriars, London, 1808.

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COP4.jpg
"Kirkby Kendal"
circle with two side bars; town
item:- Dove Cottage : 2007.38.53
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Wallis 1810 (Wmd)
placename:- Kendall

source data:-

Road map, Westmoreland, scale about 19 miles to 1 inch, by James Wallis, 77 Berwick Street, Soho, 1810, published by W Lewis, Finch Lane, London, 1835?

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WAL5.jpg
"KENDALL / 257"
town; distance from London
item:- JandMN : 63
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

descriptive text:- Wallis 1810
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Map, Westmoreland, scale about 19 miles to 1 inch, and Cumberland, scale about 16 miles to 1 inch, by James Wallis, 77 Berwick Street, Soho, London, 1810; published 1810-36.
"PRINCIPAL INNS, RECOMMENDED TO TRAVELLERS AND FAMILIES."
"Kendal: Crown, King's Arms, White Hart, besides several others, where travellers will be well accommodated, at low charges."
"..."
"PRINCIPAL FAIRS."
"Kendal: April 27, horned cattle, sheep, and pedlary; Nov. 8, horned cattle, horses, and sheep."

evidence:-

old map:- Otley 1818
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Map, uncoloured engraving, The District of the Lakes, Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by Jonathan Otley, 1818, engraved by J and G Menzies, Edinburgh, Scotland, published by Jonathan Otley, Keswick, Cumberland, et al, 1833.

OT02SD59.jpg
"KENDAL"
item:- JandMN : 48.1
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Hall 1820 (Wmd)
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Map, hand coloured engraving, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 14.5 miles to 1 inch, by Sidney Hall, London, 1820, published by Samuel Leigh, 18 Strand, London, 1820-31.

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HA18.jpg
"KENDAL / 262"
circle, block caps; county town; distance from London
item:- Armitt Library : 2008.14.58
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

descriptive text:- Otley 1823 (5th edn 1834)
item:- woollens; waistcoat; ivory comb; marble; population, Kendal

source data:-

Guide book, A Concise Description of the English Lakes, the mountains in their vicinity, and the roads by which they may be visited, with remarks on the mineralogy and geology of the district, by Jonathan Otley, published by the author, Keswick, Cumberland now Cumbria, by J Richardson, London, and by Arthur Foster, Kirkby Lonsdale, Cumbria, 1823; published 1823-49, latterly as the Descriptive Guide to the English Lakes.

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Page 98:- "KENDAL"
"Is a clean and well built town, of considerable trade, and a population of 11,301 inhabitants. It is situate at the junction of the Carlisle road by Penrith, with the Whitehaven road by Ambleside, Keswick, and Cockermouth. It is famous for the manufacture of various kinds of woollen goods and fancy waistcoats. Here is a manufactory of ivory combs; and a marble manufactory, where several varieties of the limestone of the country are worked and polished. The King's Arms and Commercial are the principal Inns."

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Page 170:- "The mean annual quantity of rain at Keswick is about 68 inches; at Kendal 60 inches; at Manchester 35 inches; at London 20 inches."

evidence:-

old map:- Perrot 1823
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Map, hand coloured engraving, Cumberland and Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 38 miles to 1 inch, by Aristide Michel Perrot, engraved by Migneret, 1823, published by Etienne Ledoux, 9 Rue Guenegaud, Paris, France, 1824-48.

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PER2.jpg
"Kendal"
circle; town
item:- Dove Cottage : 2007.38.45
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Greenwood 1824 (Wmd)
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Map, hand coloured engraving, Map of the County of Westmorland, scale about 1 inch to 1 mile, by C and J Greenwood, published by George Pringle jnr, 70 Queen Street, Cheapside, London, 1824.

grw5kndl.jpg
"KENDAL"
street map; labelled in block caps for a market town; notice the canal, canal basin, and mills.
item:- Armitt Library : A1827
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old text:- Gents Mag

source data:-

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Gentleman's Magazine 1825 part 1 p.513
From the Compendium of County History:- "Askew, Anthony, eminent physician, Kendal, 1722."
"..."
"CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM, author of the Encyclopedia, Kendal (ob. 1740)."

evidence:-

old text:- Gents Mag 1825

source data:-

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Gentleman's Magazine 1825 part 1 p.514
From the Compendium of County History:- "Potter, Barnaby, called the Puritanical Bishop of Carlisle, Kendal, 1578 or 9."
"[Potter] Christopher, nephew of above, and loyal divine, who sent his plate to the King, saying he would drink as Diogenes did, in the hollow of his hand, before the King should want. Kendal, 1591."
"..."
"Shaw, Dr. Thomas, author of 'Travels in Barbary and the Levant,' a work of high celebrity, Kendal, 1692."
"..."
"[Walker] William, lecturer on astronomy, son of above [Adam, Windermere], Kendal, 1766."
"..."
"Wilson, John, celebrated botanist, originally stocking knitter, Kendal (ob. about 1750)."

evidence:-

old text:- Gents Mag
item:- tithes; Trinity College, Cambridge

source data:-

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Gentleman's Magazine 1831 part 2 p.482 "..."
"The Rev. ROBERT UVEDALE, Vicar of Fotherby and Hogsthorpe, having learned from the public prints that Mr. Sadler and Mr. Hume have presented to the House of Commons petitions from Kendal, complaining of an attempt to levy Tithes in kind, begs to state he that has a M.S. in small quarto respecting Trinity College, Cambridge, which belonged to his great-grandfather, the Rev. R. Uvedale, LL.D. one of the Fellows, and which comprises copies of Charters, Statutes, and King's Letters, and Accounts of Masters, Benefactors, Estates, &c. From a passage in this book, it is evident that the holders of land in the parish of Kendal were, 300 years ago, not liable to such demands as have been lately set up by Trinity College."

evidence:-

old text:- Gents Mag
item:- newspaper; Westmoreland Advertiser and Kendal Chronicle

source data:-

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Gentleman's Magazine 1831 part 1 p.190 "WESTMORELAND. - At Kendal, age 41, Mr. Richard Lough, printer and proprietor of the Westmoreland Advertiser and Kendal Chronicle"

evidence:-

old map:- Cobbett 1832
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Map, uncoloured engraving, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 7 miles to 1 inch, by William Cobbett, 11 Bolt Court, Fleet Street, London, 1832.

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COB4.jpg
"Kendal"
dot and circle; town
item:- JandMN : 116
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

descriptive text:- Ford 1839 (3rd edn 1843)
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Guide book, A Description of Scenery in the Lake District, by Rev William Ford, published by Charles Thurnam, Carlisle, by W Edwards, 12 Ave Maria Lane, Charles Tilt, Fleet Street, William Smith, 113 Fleet Street, London, by Currie and Bowman, Newcastle, by Bancks and Co, Manchester, by Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, and by Sinclair, Dumfries, 1839.

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"..."
"THE order in which the Lakes should be visited, if seen in any prescribed order at all, can be pointed out much more easily than satisfactorily. Lancaster and Kendal in the south, Carlisle and Penrith in the north, formerly offered the readiest facilities of access to this Northern Elysium; but since the improvement of steam navigation, Whitehaven and other ports have become equally suitable as starting places. One advantage, however, remains in favour of the old routes, that the direct lines are better, especially for carriages, although to the pedestrian this will not be a matter of any great importance."

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Page 19:- "..."
"KENDAL,"
"The largest town in Westmorland, seated on the west side of the river Kent, beneath a lofty scar, opposite to the ruins of the ancient castle. It is intersected by four principal streets, one of which runs north and south, forming a busy thoroughfare of one mile in length, and leading to the Lakes. The houses are built of limestone, capable of receiving a high polish, and covered with slate. The town, although very ancient, has now a modern appearance, nearly all the old houses having been"

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Page 20:- "rebuilt, and many new streets erected during late years. The whiteness of the houses is greatly enlivened by the number of poplars which grow about them, the long range of hanging gardens on the west, and the sloping meads and plantations on the east, where the Kent washes the skirts of the town, and is crossed by three good bridges. The completion of the canal to Lancaster, in 1819, gave a powerful impulse to the building spirit of the inhabitants, ..."
"..."

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Page 21:- "..."
"Kendal was governed by a corporation formerly"

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Page 22:- "consisting of a mayor, recorder, alderman, and capital burgesses. By the recent Municipal act, it is divided into three wards, under the superintendence of a mayor, six aldermen, and eighteen councilmen. By the Reform bill, the town returns one member to Parliament. It was formerly noted for coarse woollen goods, called Kendal cottons, but goods of finer description are now more commonly manufactured. The river Kent affords plenty of water for its numerous mills and dye-houses. There are also very extensive marble works. As the country people for many miles around attend the markets and fairs, the town thus combines the character of a manufacturing place, with that of the centre of a rich agricultural district."
"Kendal can also boast of being furnished with schools and charitable institutions, as numerously and liberally endowed as any town of equal population. Indeed, in this respect, the county of Westmorland exceeds all others, owing chiefly to the number of clever and eminent men who have distinguished themselves, and have sought to return back to their native county some portion of those benefits which they themselves derived from it."
"The road leaves Kendal by a steep ascent, having the workhouse and prison on either hand. The views northward, in"

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Page 153:- "..."
"KENDAL is a flourishing town, being the largest in Westmorland, and is placed in a very agreeable valley, enlivened by the meanderings of the Kent. A full description of it will be found at page 19."

evidence:-

old map:- Ford 1839 map
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Map, uncoloured engraving, Map of the Lake District of Cumberland, Westmoreland and Lancashire, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, published by Charles Thurnam, Carlisle, and by R Groombridge, 5 Paternoster Row, London, 3rd edn 1843.

FD02SD59.jpg
"KENDAL"
item:- JandMN : 100.1
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Garnett 1850s-60s H
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Map of the English Lakes, in Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, published by John Garnett, Windermere, Westmorland, 1850s-60s.

GAR2SD59.jpg
"KENDAL"
blocks, settlement, on a minimal street plan
item:- JandMN : 82.1
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old text:- Gents Mag
item:- woollens

source data:-

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Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.613 "MR. URBAN, - You are entitled to many thanks for the interesting paper in your last Magazine on the"Ancient Commerce of Westmerland," including the history of the woollen manufactures of Kendal, yclept Kendal cottons; and, as the whole subject is capable of much further illustration, I now offer to your notice a few observations. I engage with the greater alacrity in an endeavour to elucidate the early history of Kendal cottons becauseI am just now gleaning fresh materials for a new edition of my "Annals of Kendal.""
"The two points of interest more immediatley called in question are, first, Whether the woollen manufactures were introduced into Kendal so early as Edward III.? and how John Kemp is idenitifed therewith? 2ndly. As to the "milk-white cloth" worn by the Kendal bow-men at Flodden Field, and the derivation thence of "White Hall.""
"Firstly, You ask on what authority John Kemp is declared to be one of the founders of the woollen manufactures; and by implication you inquire how I claim John Kemp for Kendal when the Pictorial History of England, and some other authorities, omit the mention of Kendal altogether?"
"In regard of John Kemp nothing more can be required than the proofs I here forward you in the copy of the "Letter of Protection" granted by King Edward III. to Johnn Kemp, as translated from Rymer's Foedera, vol.ii. p.823."
"A.D. 1331, 5 Edw. III."
"On behalf of John Kempe, of Flanders, cloth weaver, concerning the exercise of his craft."
"The king to all bailiffs, &c. whom it may concern, greeting. Know ye that whereas John Kempe of Flanders, weaver of woollen cloths, hath come to dwell within our kingdom of England for the purpose"

evidence:-

old text:- Gents Mag 1853

source data:-

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Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.614 "of practising his craft therein, and of instructing and informing such as might desire to learn it of him, and hath brought with him certain men and servants, and apprentices to the said trade, we have taken the same John, and his aforesaid men, servants, and apprentices, and all his goods and chattels whatsoever, under our protection, &c. (according to the tenor of similar letters as far as these words; viz.) for we promise to cause similar letters of protection to be issued to other men of the same craft, and to dyers and fullers, who wish to come from parts beyond the seas to dwell within the same our kingdom for the aforesaid object. In witness whereof, &c. these letters are to hold good during the King's pleasure. Witness the King at Lincoln, the 28th day of July."
"Next, as respect John Kemps' locus in quo. I have the authority of the Encyclopaedia Londinensis for stating the John Kemp was established in Kendal. "where (says the Cyclopaedia, p.725) his descendants still remain, and the woollen trade is at present carried on." Kemp was a family name in Kendal down to the present generation. Then it is to be observed that tradition has always spoken, with the most confident tone, of John Kemp's connection with Kendal, and even in cases where history is wholly silent tradition is an acknowledged authority. For these reasons I have not hesitated to assert that the woollen manufactures were established in Kendal by John Kemp temp. Edward III. I have not said that there were not woollen manufactures in the same reign (I believe at a later date though) in York, Halifax, &c., but I challenge the annalists of these and other towns to set up a better claim to John Kemp than I have put forth in favour of Kendal. The art of weaving might be known and practised, in a small and rude way, before the 13th century, in some of the towns in England; but there could be nothing worthy to be dignified as a manufacture till this period; for Fuller, alluding to the time of Edward III. says "Englishmen were then so little instructed in the art of cloth-making, they knew no more what to do with their wool than the sheep that wear it." (Church History, book iii. p.111.)"
"..."

evidence:-

old text:- Gents Mag
item:- Drunken Barnaby's Journal

source data:-

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Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.488

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G853E07.jpg
"Nunc as Kendal, propter pannum,
Coetum, situm, aldermannum,
Virgines pulchras, pias matres,
Et viginti quatuor fratres,
Vere clarum et beatum,
Mihi nactum, notum, natum."
"Now to Kendal, for clothmaking,
Sight, site, alderman awaking;
Beauteous damsels, modest mothers,
And her four-and-twenty brothers;
Ever in her honour spreading,
Where I had my native breeding."
"Drunken Barnaby's Journal."
"THE ANCIENT COMMERCE OF WESTMERLAND."
"AT the first view it appears strange and surprising that one of the chief woollen manfactures of England in ancient times should have been seated in the remote county of Westmerland. Yet such we are assured was the case. The cloths made at Kendal were famous as early as the 13th Ric. II.* if not before, and are the subject of continual legislative regulations during the reign of Henry IV.† Leland‡speaks of Kendal as emporium laneis pannis cele-"
"*See the Rotuli Parliament. iii. p.271."
" †Ibid. pp.437, 498, 541, 614, 693."
"‡"In Westmerland is but one good market towne caullid Kendale, otherwise as I wene Kirkby Kendal. Yt hath the name of the ryver caullid Kent, unde et Kentdale, sed emporium laneis pannis celeberrimum." - Itinerary."

evidence:-

old text:- Gents Mag
item:- woollens; Stourbridge Fair; fairs

source data:-

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Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.489 "[cele]berrimum. Speed and Camden repeat the same eulogium; and Drayton re-echoes it in the lines,"
"--- where Kendal town doth stand,
For making of our cloth scarce match in all the land."
"Camden adds further that the townsmen of Kendal exercised an extensive merchandise of woollen cloths throughout all England.*"
"It would, perhaps, be as little expected that the principal market of these Westmerland clothiers should have been at Cambridge; yet so it was. A fair annually held in the outskirts of that town, called Sturbridge Fair, proved so convenient as a central point of concourse for the manufacturers and retailers throughout the kingdom, that for some centuries it was the greatest fair in England, and especially for cloth.†So much was the mart indebted to this branch of trade that Fuller, in his History of Cambridge University, relates a story that Sturbridge Fair originated with the clothiers of Kendal, who first exposed there for sale some cloths which had been accidentally wetted on their journey to the South. This anecdote is scouted by a subsequent historian of Sturbridge Fair as having been invented only for the ears of silly rustics: still, if the fair itself was not originated in this way, its great repute for cloth may possibly have arisen from some such circumstance."
"The staple produce of the Kendal looms was evidently of that coarse quality which was required in large quantities for the lower classes of the community. We know from various passages of old authors that it was consumed especially by foresters and countrymen, being so commonly dyed of a green colour, that the name of the place was ordinarily used to express that colour.‡Skelton, in his poem"
"*We find, however, no recognition of the above facts in Mr. C. Knight's "Pictorial History of England, being a History of the People, as well as a History of the Kingdom." In a chapter on the "national industry," Vol.ii. p.192. edit.1839, it is stated that "When the woollen manfacture first began to assume importance as the great staple of the nation, it was chiefly carried on in London and the immediate neighbourhood, but it soon spread itself into the adjacent counties of Surrey, Kent, Essex, Berks, Oxford, and subsequently into Dorset, Wilts, Somerset, Gloucester, and Worcester. These were the counties which produced the best wool, and in the imperfect state of the means of communication, the manufacture naturally became located within reach of the raw material. The woollen manufacture had not yet found its way into Yorkshire, though in Devonshire, the wool of which was of an inferior description, it had existed long before the present period." The "period" intended we understand to be that of the kings of the house of Lancaster, commencing in 1399: some time before which, in 1336, the weavers of Brabant who had settled in York are mentioned (Rymer's Foedera, iv. 723). We may conclude that Anderson and Macpherson, the authorities relied upon for commercial matters by the compilers of the Pictorial History, are not very accurate in their details of the early annals of the woollen manufacture. Nor do we find on consulting Mr. Bischoff's History of Wool and the Woollen Manufactures, 1842, 8vo. that either he, or Smith in his "Memoirs of Wool," has admitted the manufactures of Kendal to their due place in the subject. There is, however, an agreeable article on Kendal and its Manufactures in No.86 of Dickens's Household Words, Nov. 15, 1851: but we apprehend not fully authenticated in the early historical details. What is the authority for setting forth John Kemp as the founder of the Kendal woollen manufacture?"
" †A spacious square, formed by some of the largest booths, was occupied by woollen-drapers, tailors, and others concerned in the cloth trade; and always retained its ancient appellation of the Duddery, which is mentioned in connection with a house of lepers called the "Fratres de Sterebridge, ubi nunc domus vetus eo loco ubi nunc pars fori lanarii, Angl. the Duddery." (Leland's Collectanea, i. 444, from the Liber Bernwelensis coenobii.) Carter, who published his short account of Cambridgeshire just a hundred years ago (in 1753), after the trade of Sturbridge fair had begun to decline, says that 100,000l. worth of wool had been known to be sold in less than a week's time in the Duddery."
"‡In an old poem on the battle of Flodden Field are these lines:-"
""
"upon which Mr. Cornelius Nicholson, in his Annals of Kendal, 8vo. 1832, p.26, makes"

evidence:-

old text:- Gents Mag 1853
item:- Battle of Flodden Field; Kendal green; trade guilds

source data:-

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Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.490 "called the Bouge of Court, when describing the costume of Riot, tells us that-"
"His cote was checkt with patches rede and blewe,
of Kirkeby Kendall was his short demye,
And ay he sange, "In fayth, decon thou crewe,"
His elbow bare, he ware his gere so nye."
"It seems to be doubrful, from the commentators Warton and Dyce, what article of dress was designated by the term "demye;" but both agree that by "Kirkeby Kendall" in this passage was intended the colour green."
"So too in Hall's Chronicle, where we are told that king Henry VIII. with a party of noblemen, "came sodainly in a mornyng into the queen's chamnre, all appareled in shorte cotes of Kentish Kendal (a misprint probably for Kirkby Kendal) ... like outlawes, or Robin Hodes men," the allusion is evidently to the same colour."
"In later writers it is uaually termed "Kendal green," and it is frequently mentioned by our dramatists and poets, being the recognised dress of foresters."
"In Anthony Munday's play of "Robin Hood, or Robert Earl of Huntington," 1601, occurs this passage,"
"--- all the woods
Are full of outlaws that, in Kendall green,
Follow'd the utlaw'd Earl of Huntington."
"Falstaff was attacked at Gad's Hill by "three mis-begotten knaves in Kendal green," (1st Part of Henry IV. ii. 4); and Ben Jonson in his "Underwoods" attires Greenhood"
"--- in Kendal green
As in the forest colour seen."
"From some lines in Hall's Satires it appears also that this was the colour worn by agricultural labourers, as blue was usually that of serving-men:"
"The sturdy plowman doth the soldier see
All scarf'd with pyed colours to the knee
Whom Indian pillage hath made fortunate;
And now he 'gins to loathe his former state,
Now doth he inly scorne his Kendall greene

Hall's Satires, iv. 6, p.76."
"The most recent account of the Kendal manufactures is as follows:"
"This town, nearly as late as the beginning of the last century, exported largely of coarse woollens to America, but the machinery in Yorkshire and Lancashire (inter alia) have nearly destroyed it (the trade). The Kendal green, superseded by the Saxon green,*was produced from a plant with a small yellow flour (sic), and producing, when boled, a beautiful yellow extract provincially known as woodas or sarrat (the genista tinctora of Linneaus), and from a blue liquor extracted from woad. These cottons (as such coarse woollen were called) have yielded to coarser things: floor-cloths, horse-cloths, linseys, and the like. The manufacture of carpets has recently become popular and flourishing. Hosiery, wool-card making, and horn-comb making, as trades, still exist to some extent. - Atkinson's Worthies of Westmoreland, 1851, vol.i. p.32."
"The traders of Kendal were formerly associated in twelve free companies, which are this enumerated in an ancient "boke of recorde" belonging to the corporation of the borough:-"
"1. Chapmen, Marchants, and Salters; 2. Mercers and Drapers, Linen and Woollen; 3. Shearmen, Fullers, Dyers, and Websters; 4. Taylors, Imbrodyrers, and Whilters; 5. Cordyners, Coblers, and Curryers; 6. Tanners, Sadlers, and Bridlers; 7. Innholders and Alehousekeepers and Typlers; 8. Butchers and Fishers; 9. Cardmakers and Wyerdrawers; 10. Surgeons, Scryvyners, Barners, Glovers, Skynners, ... (obliterated), and Poyntmakers; 11. Smyths, Iron and Hardwaremen, Armerers, Cutlers, Bowyers, Fletchers, Spuryers, Potters, Panners,"
"this note, with reference to the public room in Kendal, called the White Hall: "It seems not improbable that White Hall (originally perhaps White Cloth Hall) has taken its name from the manufacture of milk-white cloth." But this remark is founded upon a misapprehension. The old poet was not here describing a colour peculiar to the manufacture, or to the archers of Kendale. White coats with St. George's cross were worn by all the infantry of our English armies; and the White Coats of London - that is, the trained bands of the city - are as often mentioned as any others. Mr. Nicholson repeats this misconception in p.203, where he imagines that "spots might be easily, by poetic fancy, magnified into crosses red." In correction of this idea it is to be remarked that the white coats were not besprinkled with crosses, but every bowman, or soldier, exhibited only one cross back and front, displayed upon the whole of his body, as may be seen in the illuminations to the manuscripts of Froissart and other old historians."
"*This change took place about the year 1770. - Nicholson's Annals of Kendal."

evidence:-

old text:- Gents Mag 1853

source data:-

goto source
Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.491 "Plumbers, Tynkers, Pewterers, and Metallers; 12. Carpenters, Joyners, Masons, Wallers, Slaters, Thatchers, Glassers, Paynters, Pleysterers, Dawbers, Pavers, Myllers, and Cowpers. These incorporated companies gradually became extinct, the last of them (the cordyners or Cordwainers) being "broken up" - i.e. dissolved - in 1800, in consequence of one Robert Moser refusing to recognise any legal power in the company to impose a fine upon persons, not being freemen, commencing business within the borough."
"There is, in our estimation, something more than an ordinary local interest in such notices as we have now put together. Not only do the packhorses of Kendal clothiers again, in our mind's eye, tramp along the highways of Old England, but the knaves in Kendal-green again start forth from the wood-side, and the tattered hood of the same dye again barely shades the head of the labouring swain."
"In Kendal itself the townsmen were prosperous in their industry, and bountiful in their charity; sometimes laying the foundation of families of landed gentry, and sometimes the more lasting structure of an almshouse or hospital. In the seventeenth century, like other traders, they felt the want of a currency of small value; and it was supplied, partly by the trading companies and partly by individuals, in the form of various tokens, of which some eight or ten varieties are known. It is by these tokens that our attention has been directed to the ancient manfactures of Kendal,*to the illustration of which they will be found to lend some further assistance."

click to enlarge
G853E08.jpg
"1. The earliest in point of date is that of "Thomas Sandes of Kendal," 1656. The obverse presents the figures of a teasel and a wool-hook; and the reverse a wool-comb."
"Thomas Sandes, who was mayor of Kendal in 1647-8, made a fortune as a manufacturer of "Kendal Cottons." He resided in the front house of the Elephant yard, (now the Elephant inn, which was rebuilt about thirty years ago,) using the back premises as his warehouses. His mint, consisting of two coining presses and other instruments, was a few years ago found in making alterations to these premises. He founded, in 1670, Sandes Hospital in Kendal, endowing it with considerable property for the maintenance and relief of eight poor widows, and for the support of a school for poor children until they should be fitted for the free school of Kendal or elsewhere. The hospital premises consist of the master's house, school-house, library, and eight dwellings for the widows, with gardens and crofts. He also bequeathed a collection of books, including a valuable series of the ancient Fathers of the Church. He died, aged 75, on the 22nd Aug. 1681; and there is a handsome monument to his memory in Kendal church. It was originally erected against a pillar at the west end of the "aldermen's pew," but was moved last year (1852) in consequence of a renovation of the church, to an appropriate position immediately over the south-west entrance door, in the interior of the edifice."
"2. in 1657 a farthing token was issued under the name of the Mercer's Company. On one side it bears their arms, the Virgin's head, - the arms of trading companies being the same throughout the country as they were in London. On the reverse are the arms displayed by the town (as shown more at large in the woodcut at the head of this article), quarterly of teasles and wool-hooks. Above the shield are the letters K K, for Kirkby Kendal,"

click to enlarge
G853E09.jpg
"which are placed in like manner on the"
"*"The Trademen's Tokens (of the 17th century) of Cumberland and Westmoreland. By William Henry Brockett. Gateshead-upon-Tyne, 1853." 8vo. pp.14. We are indebted to Mr. Brockett for the loan of the woodcuts which illustrate this pamphlet. He had previously published, "The Tokens of Durham and Northumberland. 1851.""

evidence:-

old text:- Gents Mag 1853
item:- shears; teasels

source data:-

goto source
Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.492 "seal of the town. The seal is of silver, circular, and one inch and a half in diameter; it has the date 1576, being the year following that of a charter granted to the town by Queen Elizabeth, and its device is a view of the town - the same as is shown on the annexed shield."

click to enlarge
G853E10.jpg
"The dies of this token, much worn, were found in 1803, among the ruins of the New Biggin, where the company of Cordwainers had their hall, and they are now in the museum of the Natural History Society in Kendal."
"In 1659 two other farthing tokens were issued in Kendal by Oliver Plat and Edmond Adlington."

click to enlarge
G853E11.jpg
"3. Oliver Plat was a gentleman of considerable property, both in Kendal and its neighbourhood, and lived on his estate at Summer How in Skelsmergh. The Rainbow inn in Kendal belonged to him; and an oak table and an oak panel, bearing the inscription (boldly carved), "O.P. x E.P. 1638," were discovered when the house was rebuilt about twenty-five years ago. Some other articles, bearing the same initials are preserved by Mr. John Fisher, jun. of Kendal. Mr. Plat was a Roman Catholic, and hence, probably, the use of the Maltese crosses."

click to enlarge
G853E12.jpg
"4. Edmond Adlington displays the arms of the Dyers (as in London and elsewhere), Sable, a chevron between three bags of madder argent, corded or. Edmond Adlington was sworn as a shearman-dyer in the year 1649, and followed that business in 1655 and 1657, as evidenced in the corporation books. The family originally from Yealand in Lancashire, and carried on business there and at Kendal simultaneously. They were Quakers, and tradition says that Edmond was a man of immense bulk, weighing upwards of 24 stone, and that his wife was of little inferior weight, being upwards of 22 stone. He retired, and died, probably at his native place, at a great age. Francis Higginson, vicar of Kirkby Stephen, a pamphleteer against the early Quakers in the time of Cromwell, says that some of them stood naked upon the market cross on the market days, preaching from thence to the people; and particularly mentions the wife of one Edmond Adlington, of Kendal, who went naked through the streets there. The initial of the name of this over-zealous lady, "in virtue bold," accompanies that of her husband on the token, as we often find the case on these coins."
"5. In 1666 the token here figured was issued by the company of Shearmen."

click to enlarge
G853E13.jpg
"The two implements it represents are now almost entirely disused, having been superseded by machinery, which does the work better and cheaper. The large shears were used by the croppers to cut all the long hairs off the cloth; and, unless great care and precision were applied, there was danger of cutting the cloth, so that none but experienced workmen were employed, and they earned great wages. During the Luddite riots in the West Riding of Yorkshire in 1812, many of these artisans were implicated, some of them having been thrown out of employment by the improvements in manufacture, and many by their intemperate habits. The long hairs are now removed by a spiral thread fixed on a revolving cylinder, which gives a fine even nap to the cloth. The hand teasel brush, which appears on the reverse of the token,"

evidence:-

old text:- Gents Mag 1853

source data:-

goto source
Gentleman's Magazine 1853 part 1 p.493 "was used for brushing the cloth - a brush being held in each hand. This operation is now also performed by machinery, the teasels being placed in a long, narrow iron frame, which is worked by steam-power. The vegetable teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) continues still to be used - no artificial brush having yet been found better than the natural one."
"6. In the same year a token was issued conjointly by Thomas Wilson and Thomas Warde of Kirkland. Though"

click to enlarge
G853E14.jpg
"there are other Kirklands elsewhere, the arms of the town show that the token is rightly assigned to Kirkland in Kendal, which is thus described by Nicolson and Burn:-"
"Adjoining to the town of Kendal on the south is Kirkland, which is commonly reckoned part of Kendal (it now forms part of both the parliamentary and municipal borough), but it is a distinct township, separated from the town of Kendal by a little brook, which having but a small current, and as it were seeking a passage, is called Blindbeck. This place, being out of the mayor's liberty, is much resorted to by tradesmen that are not free of the corporation. Kendal church stands in Kirkland."
"Whether Messrs. Wilson and Warde were partners in trade, or merely joint-issuers of the token, has not been ascertained; but instances of joint-issue by neighbours in trade are not unfrequent."
"7. In 1667 James Cocke junior of Kendal issued a halfpenny token, ex-"

click to enlarge
G853E15.jpg
"hibiting a rebus upon his name.*This Mr. Cocke was sworn a member of the Mercer's Company in 1655, and became mayor of Kendal in 1681. His residence was in the Park; and a house which stood on the site of that now occupied by Mr. Hudson, druggist, in Butcher's Row, belonged to the family, and before it was rebuilt in 1812, had the figure of a cock in stained glass in one of its windows."
"8. Richard Rowlandson of Grayrig in Kendal parish issued a Halfpenny in 1669. The device is described by Mr. Brockett as "a pair of scales on a pedestal," but the pedestal looks exceedingly like a shovel."
"Richard Rowlandson was a fellmonger and woolstapler, and lived on"

click to enlarge
G853E16.jpg
"his own estate at Lambert Ash, Grayrig, where he carried on his business. Grayrig is at a few miles distance from Kirkby Kendal; but Rowlandson had a branch establishment in the town, and others at Kirkby Stephen and Kirkby Lonsdale. It is related that he walked to London and back on business three times, and that he was there in the time of the Great Plague of 1665."
"This was probably the last Token coined for Kendal, as the tokens struck by towns, trading companies, and individual tradesmen, at the period in question, "for necessary change," range for about 24 years, that is, from 1648 to 1672, and were checked as early as 1669. In that year the citizens of Norwich had a pardon granted them for all transgressions, and in particular for their coinage of halfpence and farthings, by which they had forfeited their charter, all coinage being declared to be the king's prerogative.†In 1672 all such currency was "cried down" by royal proclamation."
"..."
"*The obverse is nearly identical with that of the token of John Cocke of Leeds, the reverse of which is inscribed "William Balley, 1666, a half peny." Snelling, fig.12."
" †Blomefield's History of Norfolk, vol.ii. p.290."

evidence:-

old itinerary:- Tinsley 1877 (Roads/Cum)
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Itinerary, route 7, London to Whitehaven via the Lake Districts, including from Settle, Lancashire; through Kirkby Lonsdale, Kendal, Ambleside, Westmorland; then Keswick, Cockermouth to Whitehaven, Cumberland, published by Tinsley Bros, 8 Catherine Street, Strand, London, 1877.

click to enlarge
TLY185.jpg
pp.71-91 in British High Roads, North and North Eastern Routes; pp.84-91.
printed at p.71:- "... / ROUTE VII. - LONDON to WHTEHAVEN via THE LAKE / DISTRICTS. (See Maps 65 to 80.) / Hitchin (as per Route I.) 34, Shefford 41, Bedford 50, Higham-Ferrers, / 64¾, Kettering 74½, Rockingham 83¼, Uppingham 88¾, Oakham, / 94¾, Melton Mowbray 104¾, Nottingham 123¼, Rotherham 159¼, / Barnsley 171¾, Huddersfield 188¾, Halifax 196¾, Keighley 208¾, / Skipton 218¾, Settle 234¾, Kirkby Lonsdale 252½, Kendal 264½, / Ambleside 278½, Keswick 293½, Cockermouth 305½, Whitehaven / 319½. / ..."
item:- private collection : 270.2
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old strip map:- Tinsley 1877 (Roads/Cum)
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Strip map, road map, part of London to Whitehaven, including from before Kirkby Lonsdale through Kendal, Windermere to beyond Ambleside, Westmorland, published by Tinsley Bros, 8 Catherine Street, Strand, London, 1877.

click to enlarge
TLY1M4.jpg
Map pp.77-78 in British High Roads, North and North Eastern Routes.
printed at top:- "BRITISH HIGH ROADS / 77 LONDON TO WHITEHAVEN. 78"
item:- private collection : 270.6
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old text:- Harper 1907
placename:-  Kendal
placename:-  Kirkby Kendal
placename:-  Kirkby Kent Dale
item:-  placename, Kendal

source data:-

Guidebook, The Manchester and Glasgow Road, by Charles G Harper, published by Chapman and Hall Ltd, London, 1907.
HP01p101.txt
Page 101:- "..."
"AND so into Kendal, across the river."
"Kendal, originally Kirkby Kendal, i.e. Kirkby Kent-Dale, is indeed very much among the waters, for here the river Kent, reinforced by tributary streams pouring down from the misty fells, foams down in weirs, and is crossed, in highway and byway, by no fewer than three bridges. There is good fishing for the "gentle" angler in these waters. Though why "gentle" and where the gentleness is more than I can comprehend. For sport, the angler baits his cruel line and, if sport be good, he, himself, an exemplar of "nature, red in tooth and claw," hooks, with his fiendish barb, some unfortunate trout or grayling in the gills."
"The streets in Kendal are mostly "gates," as Stramongate and Stricklandgate, and were once picturesque, in the stern way of these northern latitudes; but Kendal, in these days a highly prosperous agricultural town, and in a favourable position at the gate of the Lake Country, is being greatly rebuilt, and looks, to those who hurry by, little removed from the common run of provincial towns. Motor-tourists to and from the Lakes do not deign to halt at Kendal, and he who does may notice, any day of summer and autumn, a veritable procession of cars hurrying to and from those resorts and regarding Kendal as an unwelcome incident, containing inhabitants and dogs, which are to be run over only at risk to car and purse."
"..."
HP01p104.txt
Page 104:- "..."
"The people of Kendal were turbulent folk in the old days, and varied the humdrum existence of woollen manufacture and the printing of cottons by rioting: keeping up their reputation in this sort until the early years of the nineteenth century, when the first Parliamentary election was excuse sufficient for an outbreak. The making and the dyeing of the once famous "Kendal green" cloth is a thing of the past, and peace is now characteristic of Kendal, but the reputation of the neighbourhood for incisive wit remains, in the ancient story of the horseman who asked a countryman the time o' day. "Twelve o'clock," said the man, looking at that rural chronometer, the sky."
""Twelve!" exclaimed the traveller. "I thought it was more.""
""Did y'ever know it to be moor nor twelve?" rejoined the man, turning away."
"The traveller, struck with this unusual rustic facility for repartee, sent his servant after him, to know if he would like a situation as a jester."
""Here, fellow," said the servant, "my master wants to know if you would like a place as a fool.""
"The reply was disheartening: "Does he want two on 'em, then, or are you going to leave?""
"The turbulent people of Kendal no doubt acquired their character from the old-time circumstance of the place, ever subject to incursions of Scottish raiders. Sturdy independence, and a readiness to hold their own, thus become traits in these men of the dales and fells. Something of the ancient"
HP01p105.txt
Page 105:- "trials of Kendal town may yet be seen, behind the modern smug face of shops in the older streets, where houses and cottages are built around courtyards approached only by narrow alleys easily to be defended in case of attack."
"..."

evidence:-

old itinerary:- Johnson 1908 (Roads/Cum)
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Itinerary, Route 37 in Roads Made Easy by Picture and Pen, Preston to Glasgow, by Claude Johnson, edited by Lord Montagu, published by The Car Illustrated, 168 Piccadilly, London, 1908.

click to enlarge
JS5002.jpg
pp.1-10 in the road book, Roads Made Easy by Picture and Pen, vol.3.
printed at beginning, p.1:- "ROUTE 37. / PRESTON via Lancaster (21½), Kendal (42½), Shap (58½), Penrith (69), Carlisle (87), Lockerbie (111½), Beattock (125¾), Abington (144½), Hamilton (170½) to GLASGOW (182). / (The Land's End to John o' Groats Route.)"
item:- private collection : 268.2
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old itinerary:- Johnson 1908 (Roads/Cum)
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Itinerary, Route 37 reverse in Roads Made Easy by Picture and Pen, Glasgow to Preston, by Claude Johnson, edited by Lord Montagu, published by The Car Illustrated, 168 Piccadilly, London, 1908.

click to enlarge
JS5018.jpg
pp.11-21 in the road book, Roads Made Easy by Picture and Pen, vol.3.
printed at beginning, p.11:- "ROUTE 37. Reverse / GLASGOW via Hamilton (11½), Abington (37½), Beattock (56¼), Lockerbie (70½), Carlisle (95), Penrith (113), Shap (123½), Kendal (139½), Lancaster (160½) to PRESTON (182)."
item:- private collection : 268.3
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old itinerary:- Johnson 1908 (Roads/Cum)
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Itinerary, Route 39 reverse in Roads Made Easy by Picture and Pen, Glasgow to Doncaster, through Skipton, by Claude Johnson, edited by Lord Montagu, published by The Car Illustrated, 168 Piccadilly, London, 1908.

click to enlarge
JS5057.jpg
pp.57-65 in the road book, Roads Made Easy by Picture and Pen, vol.3.
printed at beginning, p.57:- "ROUTE 39. Reverse. / GLASGOW via Carlisle (95), Kendal (139½), Kirkby Lonsdale (151½), Ingleton (157¼), Hellifield (175), Skipton (184½), Ilkley (193½), Otley (199½), Junction with North Road (214½) to DONCASTER (244 1/34)."
item:- private collection : 268.7
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old itinerary:- Johnson 1908 (Roads/Cum)
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Itinerary, Route 42 in Roads Made Easy by Picture and Pen, Kendal to Carlisle, through The Lakes, by Claude Johnson, edited by Lord Montagu, published by The Car Illustrated, 168 Piccadilly, London, 1908.

click to enlarge
JS5085.jpg
pp.85-88 in the road book, Roads Made Easy by Picture and Pen, vol.3.
printed at beginning, p.85:- "ROUTE 42. / KENDAL via the Lakes, Windermere (8¼), Grasmere (17), Dunmail Raise (20¼), Thirlmere, Keswick (30), Bothel (42¾), to CARLISLE (61¼)."
item:- private collection : 268.12
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- Burrow 1920s

source data:-

Road book, On the Road, Dunlop Pictorial Road Plans, volume V, strip maps with parts in Westmorland, Cumberland etc, irregular scale about 1.5 miles to 1 inch, by E J Burrow and Co, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, 1920s.

EJB3Vg09.jpg
"... The gateway to the Lake District from the south is Kendal, marked as we approach it by the ruins of Kendal Castle crowning a hill to the right. Kendal is an interesting old town with memories of Border warfare. Of its ancient houses the most curious is one in Wildman Street called the 'Castle Dairy.' This is typical of what most houses in Kendal were formerly like - built with an eye on the need for defence. Its walls are of great thickness and the house is provided with hiding places. The church is notable chiefly for its monuments, including one to a seventeenth-century vicar with a quaint rhyming inscription."
item:- private collection : 17
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

town plan:- Historical Monuments 1936

source data:-

Town plan, uncoloured lithograph, Kendal Plan Showing the Position of Monuments, Kendal, Westmorland, scale about 1 to 6800, about 9 inches to 1 mile, published by Royal Commission on Historical Monuments England, London, 1936.

click to enlarge
HMW080.jpg
On p.126 of the Inventory of the Historical Monuments in Westmorland.
printed, lower left "KENDAL / PLAN SHOWING / THE POSITION OF / MONUMENTS"
item:- Armitt Library : A745.80
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old map:- County Associations 1950
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Town plan, uncoloured lithograph, Kendal, Westmorland, scale about 6.5 inches to 1 mile, published by The County Associations, Bourdon Street, Berkeley Square, London, 1950.

click to enlarge
WMD1M2.jpg
Town plan, uncoloured lithograph, Kendal, Westmorland, scale about 6.5 inches to 1 mile, published in The Westmorland Official County Guide by The County Associations, Bourdon Street, Berkeley Square, London, 1950.
item:- JandMN : 1000.2
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

market notes:-
placename:-  Kirkeby in Kendale
placename:-  Kirkby in Kendal
item:-  market

source data:-

www.history.ac.uk/cmh/gaz/gazweb2.htmPalmer's Index No.93:: Public Record OfficeOwen: 1792: New Book of Fairs: 1889: Market Rights and Tolls: HM GovernmentBowen, Emanuel &Kitchin, Thomas: 1760: New Map of the Counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland

records of Kirkby Kendal

MN photo:-

A miscellany of stoneware jars used by Kendal tradesmen:-

BRH01.jpg "[E] GRAVES / CHEMIST / KENDAL" (taken 13.8.2009) courtesy of the antique shop in Sedbergh.
photograph

BRH02.jpg "IRVINE / CHEMIST / KENDAL" (taken 13.8.2009) courtesy of the antique shop in Sedbergh.
photograph

BRH03.jpg "WHITWELL MARK &CO LTD / KENDAL" (taken 13.8.2009) courtesy of the antique shop in Sedbergh.
photograph

BRH04.jpg "S LONGMIRE / DUNN HORSE HOTEL / KENDAL" (taken 13.8.2009) courtesy of the antique shop in Sedbergh.
photograph

BRH05.jpg "G FARRER HIGG / CHEMIST / KENDAL" (taken 13.8.2009) courtesy of the antique shop in Sedbergh.
photograph

BRH06.jpg "THOMSONS / BARROW, / ULVERSTON & KENDAL / &LANCASTER." (taken 13.8.2009) courtesy of the antique shop in Sedbergh.
photograph

BRH07.jpg "M BURTON / CHEMIST / KENDAL" (taken 13.8.2009) courtesy of the antique shop in Sedbergh.
photograph

BRH08.jpg "J J BANKS & SON / Wine &Spirit Merchants / KENDAL" (taken 13.8.2009) courtesy of the antique shop in Sedbergh.

hearsay:-

It is said that Kendal Mint Cake was invented by accident; Joseph Wiper made a mistake boiling sugar in his sweet shop, 1868. Some was taken to Antarctica by Sir Ernest Shackleton. In 1953, Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing on Everest:-

"... sat on the snow and looked at the country far below us ... we nibbled Kendal Mint Cake ..."

hearsay:-

Kendal Green was cloth dyed yellow using dyer's greenweed, Genista tinctoria, the dyed again probably with woad, Isatis tinctoria, or, later, indigo.

Henry IV part 1, Falstaff:-

"... three misbegotten rogues in Kendal green ..."

hearsay:-

Archers from Kendal, Kendal Bowmen, did well at the Battle of Flodden, 1513. Their uniform was green, Kendal Green, and buff, with arrow buttons.

hearsay:-

Kendal Parish Records include records of payments of a bounty on polecats in the 18th century; 51 in 1702, 173 in 1794, and similar numbers in the years between. The polecat was known as the foul mart.

hearsay:-

In Stricklandgate there is a black boar shop sign, at Black Hall, formerly a brush works. The sign is a fake, the original is in the Museum of Lakeland Life.

map:-

'Organ factory' labelled at SD51799228.

'The Calling Stone' labelled at SD51489263 outside the town hall.

fiction:-

Called Whinborough in

Ward, Humphrey, Mrs: 1888: Robert Elsmere

Post Office maps

evidence:-

old print:- Pearson 1900s
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Print, halftone photograph, A Side Street in Kendal, Westmorland, published by C Arthur Pearson, Henrietta Street, London, 1900s.

click to enlarge
PS1E23.jpg
On p.51 of Pearson's Gossipy Guide to the English Lakes and Neighbouring Districts.
printed at bottom:- "A SIDE STREET IN KENDAL. (p.52)."
item:- Armitt Library : A1188.30
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old print:- Sylvan 1847
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Print, engraving, Kendal, Westmorland, published by John Johnstone, Paternoster Row, London, et al, 1847.

click to enlarge
SYL104.jpg
On p.18 of Sylvan's Pictorial Guide to the English Lakes.
item:- Armitt Library : A1201.4
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old print:- Sayer 1847
placename:- Kendal

source data:-

Frontispiece to vol.1 of Sayer's History of Westmorland, drawn by Thomas Gilks.

click to enlarge
SY01E1.jpg
"KENDAL, FROM GILLING GROVE."
item:- Armitt Library : A1390.2
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old print:- Rose 1832-35

source data:-

Print, engraving, Kendal, from Green Bank, by Thomas Allom, engraved by S Bradshaw, 1834.

click to enlarge
R264.jpg
item:- JandMN : 66.33
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old print:- Rose 1832-35

source data:-

Print, engraving, Kendal, from the Castle, by Thomas Allom, engraved by W le Petit, 1830s.

click to enlarge
R2E41.jpg
item:- JandMN : 66.26
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old print:-
item:- government

source data:-

Print, uncoloured engraving, charter seal, Kendal, of Charles I, published by Hudson and Nicholson, Kendal, Westmorland, 1832.

click to enlarge
PR0740.jpg
On p.147 of The Annals of Kendal by Cornelius Nicholson.
item:- private collection : 125.13
Image © see bottom of page

evidence:-

old print:-
item:- government

source data:-

Print, uncoloured engraving, corporation seal, Kendal, published by Hudson and Nicholson, Kendal, Westmorland, 1832.

click to enlarge
PR0739.jpg
On p.144 of The Annals of Kendal by Cornelius Nicholson.
item:- private collection : 125.12
Image © see bottom of page

BMN21.jpg Fruit and veg market in Finkle Street.
(taken 16.8.2006)
photograph

BMN25.jpg Wednesday market in Market place.
(taken 16.8.2006)
photograph

BPM92.jpg Coat of arms on building.
(taken 24.7.2008)
photograph

BZR96.jpg Sign,
(taken 29.11.2013)

person:-

: Richard I

date:-

1189

period:-

12th century

item:-

charter; market charter

Market charter granted by Richard I, 1189, Saturday market and 3 fairs per annum. Borough charter, 1575.

twinned with:-

Rinteln, Germany

twinned with:-

Killarney, Ireland

places:-

SD51709219 Abbot Hall Art Gallery (Kendal) L

SD52579173 Aikrigg (Kendal)

SD50919348 Airey's Folly (Kendal)

SD51269271 Allhallows Church House (Kendal)

SD513925 Allhallows Chapel (Kendal)

SD51399192 Anchorite's House (Kendal) gone

SD52049305 Ann's Place (Kendal)

SD52409201 Archer's Charity (Kendal)

SD51419127 Ashbank (Kendal)

SD51019243 Bank Top (Kendal)

SD51309217 Battery Well (Kendal)

SD51499257 bee boles, Kendal (Kendal) L

SD51219277 bee boles, Kendal (2) (Kendal) L

SD51699213 bell house, Kendal (Kendal)

SD53289203 Birklands (Kendal)

SD51509290 Black Hall (Kendal)

SD51379259 Black Swan (Kendal)

SD5192 Blind Beck (Kendal)

SD51529221 Blind Beck Bridge (Kendal)

SD51299237 Bowling Fell (Kendal)

SD51199242 Bowling Green Tavern (Kendal) gone?

SD51329248 bowling green, Kendal (Kendal) gone

SD51289239 bowling green, Kendal (2) (Kendal) gone

SD51849293 Bridge Hotel (Kendal)

SD50849225 Brigsteer Cottage (Kendal)

SD53329289 Broom Close (Kendal)

SD51989259 Canal Head (Kendal)

SD51799260 Canal Iron Works (Kendal)

SD52129129 canal milestone, Kendal 1 (Kendal) not found

SD51939188 canal wharf, Kendal (Kendal)

SD51939305 Castle Dairy (Kendal) L

SD53209223 Castle Green (Kendal)

SD52569232 Castle Grove estate (Kendal)

SD52229249 Castle Hill (Kendal)

SD51249240 Castle Howe (Kendal)

SD52049301 Castle Inn, The (Kendal)

SD51829243 Castle Lodge (Kendal)

SD52589269 Castle Meadows (Kendal) gone?

SD51779251 Castle Mills (Kendal)

SD52199298 Castle Street Cemetery (Kendal)

SD53069245 Castlegreen Farm (Kendal)

SD53299238 Castlegreen Wood (Kendal)

SD52409286 Castlepark Terrace (Kendal)

SD52289452 Chancel Court (Kendal)

SD52029174 Change Bridge (Kendal) L

SD51279258 Chapel Close (Kendal) gone

SD51309274 Fellside Methodist Chapel (Kendal)

SD52209296 (Kendal)

SD52059298 chapel, Kendal (5) (Kendal)

SD52059197 chapel, Kendal (6) (Kendal)

SD52069194 chapel, Kendal (7) (Kendal)

SD51569264 chapel, Kendal (8) (Kendal)

SD51499216 chapel, Kendal (9) (Kendal)

SD51149256 Cliff Side Cottage (Kendal)

SD51199255 Cliffside Terrace (Kendal)

SD5191 Cock Beck (Kendal)

SD51509269 Commercial (Kendal)

SD522926 Common Garden (Kendal) suggested

SD513932 Common Garden (Kendal) suggested

SD51479315 County Hall (Kendal)

SD51949309 County Hotel (Kendal)

SD51459351 Courthouse, The (Kendal)

SD51489238 Cross Bank (Kendal)

SD52059325 Crossbank (Kendal)

SD51479272 Crown (Kendal)

SD51659363 Dockray Footbridge (Kendal)

SD51469357 Dockray Hall Cottages (Kendal)

SD51559356 Dockray Hall Mill (Kendal)

SD51359345 Dockray Hall (Kendal) gone

SD515924 Dr Manning's Yard (Kendal) L

SD52059391 drain, Kendal (Kendal)

SD51219262 drain, Kendal (2) (Kendal)

SD52079330 Duke of Cumberland (Kendal)

SD51659276 Dun Horse (Kendal) L

SD51589313 Dyers Beck (Kendal) gone

SD51039197 Echo Barn (Kendal) gone

SD51239358 Empson Hill (Kendal)

SD51229290 Falshaw's Row (Kendal)

SD52099336 Far Close Bank (Kendal)

SD52119346 Far Cross Bank (Kendal)

SD51319265 Fellside School (Kendal)

SD52009385 fingerpost, Kendal (Kendal)

SD50479237 Foxdale (Kendal)

SD51929191 Gas House Bridge (Kendal)

SD51869193 gas works, Kendal (Kendal) gone

SD51189251 gate, Kendal (Kendal)

SD51619279 George and Dragon (Kendal) L

SD50619208 Ghyll Brow (Kendal)

SD50599222 Ghyll, The (Kendal)

SD51419216 Gilling Grove Foundry (Kendal)

SD51149220 Gilling Grove, Kendal (Kendal)

SD52049477 Gilthwaiterigg Lane (Kendal)

SD51559279 Globe Inn (Kendal) L

SD51969281 Goose Holme (Kendal)

SD51869276 Gooseholme Bridge (Kendal)

SD52609367 Greenfields (Kendal)

SD53129280 Greystead (Kendal)

SD51780289 Grosvenor House, Kendal (Kendal) L

SD50479409 Hallgarth (Kendal / Strickland Ketel)

SD52159074 Helme Lodge (Kendal)

SD52739126 Heron Hill (Kendal)

SD51099241 High Beast Bank (Kendal)

SD51229281 High Fell Side (Kendal)

SD52009273 High School House (Kendal) L

SD51059255 High Tenter Fell (Kendal)

SD51469231 Highgate Hotel (Kendal) L

SD51159325 House of Correction (Kendal) gone

SD52169299 house, Kendal (Kendal)

SD52049176 house, Kendal (2) (Kendal)

SD52009174 house, Kendal (3) (Kendal)

SD51379281 hydrant plate, Kendal (Kendal)

SD51399317 hydrant plate, Kendal (2) (Kendal)

SD51599210 hydrant plate, Kendal (3) (Kendal)

SD52069323 hydrant plate, Kendal (4) (Kendal)

SD51489261 hydrant plate, Kendal (5) (Kendal)

SD51529265 hydrant plate, Kendal (6) (Kendal)

SD51589274 hydrant plate, Kendal (8) (Kendal)

SD51579263 hydrant plate, Kendal (9) (Kendal)

SD51179254 hydrant plate, Kendal (10) (Kendal)

SD52549214 Ianson's Charity (Kendal)

SD514926 inn, Kendal (Kendal)

SD51769337 Iron Bridge (Kendal)

SD52459282 Ivy Cottage (Kendal) gone?

SD51709233 Jenning's Yard Bridge (Kendal)

SD52189334 Kendal Auction Mart (Kendal)

SD51519229 Kendal Bowman (Kendal)

SD51899232 Kendal Castle Bridge (Kendal)

SD52209240 Kendal Castle (Kendal)

SD50439266 Kendal Fell Quarry (Kendal)

SD51449329 Kendal Fire Station (Kendal)

SD51659348 Kendal goods branch, Kendal (Kendal)

SD51119359 Kendal Green (Kendal)

SD51489290 Kendal Library (Kendal) L

SD51879313 Kendal Museum (Kendal)

SD51699208 Kendal Parish Hall (Kendal) L

SD51469322 Kendal Police Station (Kendal)

SD51969321 Kendal Station (Kendal)

SD51259112 Kendal Youth Hostel (Kendal)

SD51469238 Kendal Youth Hostel (Kendal)

SD51909301 Able Memorials (Kendal)

SD51419261 Allhallows Lane (Kendal)

SD52029305 Ann Street (Kendal)

SD522935 Appleby Road (Kendal)

SD51759232 Kendal: Aynam Road, 31 to 36 (Kendal)

SD51779231 Kendal: Aynam Road, 39 to 43 (Kendal)

SD51789228 Aynham Road (Kendal)

SD52109339 Back Lane (Kendal)

SD52049293 Back Lane (Kendal)

SD51789281 Back Lane (Kendal) gone

SD51309250 Beast Banks (Kendal)

SD51489303 Bistro, The (Kendal)

SD51519260 Bliss Lingerie (Kendal)

SD51619277 Branthwaite Brow (Kendal)

SD51609276 W Blunt and Son (Kendal)

SD51999431 David Breaks garage (Kendal)

SD51719262 Bridge Street (Kendal)

SD50859226 Brigsteer Road (Kendal)

SD51559218 Brucie's Bike Shop (Kendal)

SD514934 Burneside Road (Kendal)

SD51409375 Kendal: Burneside Road, 60 to 70 (Kendal)

SD522910 Burton Road (Kendal)

SD51679336 Des Cannon's Coalyard (Kendal)

SD51459215 Capper Lane (Kendal)

SD51319228 Captain French Lane (Kendal)

SD51269335 Caroline Street (Kendal)

SD52019292 Castle Crescent (Kendal)

SD52389280 Castle Villa (Kendal)

SD52089300 Castle Street (Kendal)

SD52909257 Castlegreen Lane (Kendal)

SD51519218 Chapel Lane (Kendal)

SD51519280 Chapel Lane (Kendal) once

SD51329321 Chapel Row (Kendal)

SD51219262 Cliff Brow (Kendal)

SD5192 Phillip Coates decorator (Kendal)

SD52479207 Cock Lane (Kendal)

SD51429255 Collin Croft (Kendal)

SD51339152 Collinfield Lane (Kendal)

SD51549223 Colonel Square (Kendal)

SD51509271 Crock Lane (Kendal) once

SD51479214 Cross Lane (Kendal)

SD51319329 Cross Street (Kendal)

SD51479262 Dobson's greengrocers (Kendal)

SD51589276 Doctors Gate (Kendal)

SD51489285 Elephant Yard (Kendal)

SD51359280 Entry Lane (Kendal)

SD51559273 Finkle Street (Kendal)

SD51519278 Fish Market (Kendal) once

SD52119304 Gandy Street (Kendal)

SD51379238 Garth Heads (Kendal)

SD51599262 Gawith Hoggarth and Co (Kendal) L

SD51819260 Gilbert Gilkes and Co (Kendal)

SD51239223 Gillinggate (Kendal)

SD51459263 Gino's Pizzeria (Kendal)

SD51189206 Greengate Lane (Kendal)

SD50859242 Greenside (Kendal)

SD51509305 Halls Pet Store (Kendal)

SD51479248 Highgate (Kendal)

SD51469265 Mountain Warehouse (Kendal)

SD51499258 Highgate Pharmacy (Kendal) L

SD51489246 Rug Emporium (Kendal)

SD51469226 Kendal: Highgate, 148 (Kendal)

SD51559217 Indigo Fabrics ... (Kendal)

SD51539261 A F Kelly, The Silversmith (Kendal)

SD51689281 Kendal Fisheries (Kendal)

SD51479271 Kendal Goldsmiths (Kendal)

SD51119353 Kendal: Kendal Green, 44 ()

SD51649272 Kent Street (Kendal)

SD51439426 Kendal: Kentrigg, 2 (Kendal)

SD51439429 Kendal: Kentrigg, 4 (Kendal)

SD51389275 Kings Arms Yard (Kendal)

SD51559208 Kirkbarrow Lane (Kendal)

SD51569214 Kirkland (Kendal)

SD51589214 Kendal: Kirkland, 34 (Kendal)

SD52049321 Longpool (Kendal)

SD518914 Lound Road (Kendal)

SD51299281 Low Fellside (Kendal)

SD51549262 Lowther Street (Kendal)

SD51549261 Davids Barbers (Kendal)

SD51559261 Burgundy's Wine Bar (Kendal) L

SD51559278 Market Place (Kendal) L

SD51379281 G F Martindale and Sons (Kendal)

SD51519278 Mercers Lane (Kendal) gone

SD513912 Milnthorpe Road (Kendal)

SD51169247 Mount Street (Kendal)

SD518913 Natland Road (Kendal)

SD51849112 Kendal: Natland Road, 24 (Kendal)

SD51859111 Kendal: Natland Road, 26 to 28 (Kendal)

SD51809276 New Road (Kendal)

SD51669276 New Shambles (Kendal) L

SD51409269 Old Shambles (Kendal)

SD52709061 Oxenholme Road (Kendal)

SD51569219 Peppercorn Lane (Kendal)

SD51599186 Poorhouse Lane (Kendal)

SD51719151 Kendal: Romney Road (1 to 2) (Kendal)

SD5192 Romney's Kendal Mint Cake (Kendal)

SD51599304 Sandes Avenue (Kendal)

SD53019277 Sedbergh Road (Kendal)

SD53069278 Kendal: Sedbergh Road, 91 (Kendal)

SD53089279 Kendal: Sedbergh Road, 95 (Kendal)

SD53109280 Kendal: Sedbergh Road, 97 (Kendal)

SD51279268 Sepulchre Lane (Kendal)

SD52059352 Shap Road (Kendal)

SD51059331 Shaw's Brow (Kendal)

SD51219287 Stoney Lane (Kendal)

SD51729283 Stramongate (Kendal)

SD51639276 Kendal: Stramongate, 2 (Kendal) L

SD51669275 Henry Roberts Bookshop (Kendal) L

SD51699278 Kendal: Stramongate, 25 (Kendal) L

SD51709279 Kendal: Stramongate, 29 (Kendal) L

SD51719280 Kendal: Stramongate, 31 to 37 (Kendal) L

SD51719283 Kendal: Stramongate, 42 to 46 (Kendal) L

SD51739285 Kendal: Stramongate, 48 to 50 (Kendal) L

SD51749286 Ladies College (Kendal)

SD51749282 Kendal: Stramongate, 53 (Kendal) L

SD51759287 Kendal: Stramongate, 54 (Kendal) L

SD51769288 Kendal: Stramongate, 56 (Kendal) L

SD51369328 Strickland Place (Kendal)

SD51459311 Stricklandgate (Kendal)

SD51519276 Kendal: Stricklandgate, 21 (Kendal)

SD51519295 Leed Building Society (Kendal)

SD51519296 Kendal: Stricklandgate, 91 (Kendal)

SD51269275 Syke, The (Kendal)

SD51629275 Tailor's Workshop, The (Kendal)

SD52009278 Thorny Hills (Kendal)

SD52019275 Kendal: Thorny Hills, 3 (Kendal) L

SD52019276 Kendal: Thorny Hills, 4 (Kendal) L

SD52019277 Kendal: Thorny Hills, 5 (Kendal) L

SD52029277 Kendal: Thorny Hills, 6 (Kendal) L

SD52029278 Kendal: Thorny Hills, 7 (Kendal) L

SD52029279 Kendal: Thorny Hills, 8 (Kendal) L

SD52029281 Norfolk House (Kendal) L

SD52029284 Kendal: Thorny Hills, 10 and 11 (Kendal) L

SD51389322 Titus Wilson printer (Kendal)

SD51599382 Todds the Saddlers (Kendal)

SD50659238 Underbarrow Road (Kendal)

SD51339328 Union Street (Kendal)

SD51469282 Wainwright's Yard (Kendal)

SD51559280 Watson and Woollard butchers (Kendal)

SD517926 Webster's Marble Works (Kendal)

SD51939345 Westmorland Glass (Kendal)

SD51949305 Wildman Street (Kendal)

SD51519288 Wilson's Kendal Mint Cake (Kendal)

SD50679374 Windermere Road (Kendal)

SD51479239 Woodbridge and Mounsey (Kendal)

SD52039281 Kent Terrace (Kendal)

SD5140938 Kentrigg (Kendal)

SD50439234 Kilnstones (Kendal)

SD51489207 Kirkbarrow House, Kendal (Kendal) gone

SD51379165 Kirkbarrow (Kendal)

SD51889156 Kirkbie Kendal School (Kendal)

SD51659205 Kirkland Hall (Kendal)

SD514922 Kirkland (Kendal)

SD53179273 Lancaster's Charity (Kendal)

SD51899162 Lane House (Kendal) suggested

SD50729222 Larch Howe (Kendal)

SD515927 Leaden Hall (Kendal)

SD51859180 Little Lounds (Kendal)

SD51609324 Long Drought (Kendal)

SD51759167 Lound Foundry (Kendal)

SD52019177 Lound Wharf (Kendal)

SD52129168 Lound, The (Kendal)

SD51429287 Low Fell Side (Kendal)

SD51239278 Low Fellside (Kendal)

SD51819108 Low Mills (Kendal) gone?

SD51199416 Low Sparrowmire Farm (Kendal)

SD51109350 Low Tenter Fell (Kendal)

SD51499263 Cauld Stone (Kendal)

SD51579280 Kendal Market Hall (Kendal) L

SD51529278 Market House (Kendal) gone

SD51049224 Martin Croft (Kendal)

SD516927 Masons Arms (Kendal)

SD51309314 Maudes Meadow (Kendal)

SD52279479 Meadow Bank (Kendal)

SD52679361 Meadow Dale (Kendal)

SD512922 Gillingate Meeting House (Kendal) possibly once

SD50869439 Middle Sparrowmire (Kendal)

SD51439261 Miles Thompson (Kendal)

SD50519390 milestone, Kendal (Kendal)

SD51389127 milestone, Kendal (2) (Kendal)

SD53329274 milestone, Kendal (5) (Kendal) not found

SD52049396 milestone, Kendal (7) (Kendal)

SD51699246 Miller Field (Kendal)

SD52209426 Mint Bridge (Kendal)

SD51969366 Mintsfeet Nursery (Kendal) gone

SD51789411 Mintsfeet (Kendal)

SD51229243 Monument Place (Kendal)

SD51249239 monument, Kendal (Kendal)

SD51199247 Mount Pleasant (Kendal)

SD50569327 Mount Pleasant (Kendal) suggested

SD51429388 Mount, The (Kendal)

SD51429324 Kendal Mountain Rescue Team (Kendal)

SD52429106 Murley Moss (Kendal)

SD52259099 Murley Moss (Kendal)

SD51659219 Museum of Lakeland Life and Industry (Kendal) L

SD52009072 Natland Beck Mill (Natland)

SD51669193 Nether Bridge (Kendal)

SD51659202 Nether Hall (Kendal)

SD51799185 Netherfield (Kendal)

SD515926 New Biggin (Kendal) once

SD51479246 New Inn (Kendal) L

SD51369325 Oddfellows Arms, The (Kendal)

SD51489240 Oddfellows Hall (Kendal)

SD51919301 Old Brewery, The (Kendal)

SD51719254 Old Fire Station Flats, The (Kendal)

SD51429312 Old House (Kendal)

SD51139245 Old Post Office (Kendal)

SD51479268 Olde Fleece Inn, Ye (Kendal) L

SD51979261 Packet House (Kendal)

SD52749270 Park House (Kendal) gone

SD52029198 Parkside Cemetery (Kendal)

SD52319288 Parsonage, The (Kendal) gone?

SD51079337 pinfold, Kendal (Kendal)

SD51139244 post box, Kendal (Kendal)

SD51299461 post box, Kendal (2) (Kendal)

SD52519250 post box, Kendal (3) (Kendal)

SD52209355 post box, Kendal (4) (Kendal)

SD52279098 post box, Kendal (5) (Kendal)

SD51339374 Prickley Fell (Kendal)

SD51969305 Prince of Wales Feathers (Kendal)

SD50989208 Prissoe's Charity (Kendal)

SD52729274 quaker burial ground, Kendal (Kendal)

SD52299390 Queen Katherine School (Kendal)

SD51659185 railings, Kendal (Kendal)

SD51629354 railway bridge, Kendal (Kendal)

SD53389272 railway bridge, Kendal (2) (Kendal)

SD52259301 railway bridge, Kendal (4) (Kendal)

SD52809210 railway bridge, Kendal (6) (Kendal)

SD53379191 railway bridge, Kendal (7) (Kendal)

SD52029318 railway bridge, Kendal (8) (Kendal)

SD52929182 railway bridge, Kendal (9) (Kendal)

SD53059102 railway bridge, Kendal (10) (Kendal)

SD51419384 railway bridge, Kendal (11) (Kendal)

SD51179411 railway bridge, Kendal (12) (Kendal)

SD50869446 railway bridge, Kendal (13) (Kendal / Strickland Ketel)

SD53399210 railway bridge, Kendal (16) (Kendal)

SD52989159 railway bridge, Kendal (17) (Kendal)

SD52919181 railway milepost, Kendal (Kendal)

SD53379293 Reynard's Cascade (Kendal)

SD51159245 Riflemans Arms, The (Kendal)

SD51629211 Ring o' Bells (Kendal) L

SD51629183 Romney House (Kendal) L

SD51409353 Rosemount (Kendal)

SD53179282 Round Hill Cottage (Kendal)

SD51819288 Sand Aire House (Kendal) L

SD51819289 Sand Area (Kendal)

SD51469251 Sandes Hospital (Kendal) L

SD52959333 Sandylands (Kendal)

SD52519294 saw mill, Kendal (Kendal) gone

SD51489308 Sawyers Arms (Kendal)

SD51609220 Kendal School (Kendal)

SD51289258 Kendal School (Kendal)

SD51329252 Kendal Boys' National School (Kendal) L

SD51709295 Stramongate School (Kendal)

SD51649232 school, Kendal (5) (Kendal) gone

SD51999304 school, Kendal (6) (Kendal)

SD51569263 school, Kendal (7) (Kendal)

SD51729277 school, Kendal (8) (Kendal)

SD51079067 Scroggs Wood (Kendal / Helsington)

SD51549351 seat, Kendal (Kendal)

SD51299263 Sepulchre, The (Kendal)

SD51149270 Serpentine Cottage (Kendal)

SD51399251 Shakespeare Theatre (Kendal)

SD5192 Skewbarrow Top (Kendal)

SD51049259 Skewbarrow (Kendal)

SD51079252 Skewgarth (Kendal)

SD51179321 South View (Kendal)

SD51479134 Southfield (Kendal)

SD51289280 Spital View (Kendal)

SD51969295 St George's Church (Kendal)

SD51919311 St George's Schools (Kendal)

SD51379316 St Thomas's Church (Kendal) L

SD51389321 St Thomas's Sunday School (Kendal)

SD505918 Stainbank Green (Kendal)

SD51229116 Stonecross Barn (Kendal) gone

SD52009301 Stook Beck (Kendal)

SD51959309 stop cock, Kendal (Kendal)

SD51299324 stop cock, Kendal (2) (Kendal)

SD51299328 stop cock, Kendal (3) (Kendal)

SD51379328 stop cock, Kendal (4) (Kendal)

SD51859297 Stramongate Bridge (Kendal)

SD51359322 Stricklandgate Methodist Church (Kendal)

SD514932 tenter ground, Kendal (Kendal) gone

SD50949237 tenter ground, Kendal (2) (Kendal) gone

SD52409289 toll gate, Kendal (Kendal) gone?

SD51519277 Kendal Town Hall (Kendal) gone

SD53059277 Under Knott (Kendal)

SD51689208 Vicarage, The (Kendal) gone

SD51169318 Vicarage (Kendal)

SD51119181 Vicar's Fields (Kendal)

SD51739309 Victoria Bridge (Kendal)

SD52029315 Victoria Tavern (Kendal)

SD51359238 viewpoint, Castle Howe (Kendal)

SD52209248 viewpoint, Kendal Castle (Kendal)

SD5191 Watchfield (Kendal)

SD51689129 Wattsfield (Kendal) L

SD51899293 weir, Kendal (Kendal)

SD50969283 well, Serpentine Wood (Kendal)

SD51089314 West Bank (Kendal)

SD51589211 Wheatsheaf, The (Kendal)

SD51459270 White Hart (Kendal)

SD51259327 Union Workhouse (Kendal)

SD51589281 Working Mens Institute (Kendal) L

SD514924 Zion United Reform Church (Kendal)

SD5192 Kendal Masonic Chapel (Kendal)

SD5192 Thomas Atkinson printer (Kendal)

SD51359266 Quiggin's Kendal Mint Cake (Kendal)

SD51499288 Wiper's Kendal Mint Cake (Kendal) once

SD51489276 Kings Arms (Kendal)

SD514926 drinking fountain, Kendal (2) (Kendal)

SD51729235 drinking fountain, Kendal (3) (Kendal)

SD51749188 Nether Bridge Turnpike (Kendal)

SD51799179 milestone, Kendal (3) (Kendal)

SD51989134 milestone, Kendal (4) (Kendal)

SD51349234 summer house, Kendal (1) (Kendal)

SD51339245 summer house, Kendal (2) (Kendal) gone

SD51379246 summer house, Kendal (3) (Kendal)

SD51449280 summer house, Kendal (4) (Kendal) gone

SD51579287 summer house, Kendal (5) (Kendal) gone

SD51649291 summer house, Kendal (6) (Kendal) gone

SD51659293 summer house, Kendal (7) (Kendal) gone

SD51979307 summer house, Kendal (8) (Kendal)

SD52259299 summer house, Kendal (9) (Kendal)

SD51209245 summer house, Kendal (10) (Kendal)

SD51619262 summer house, Kendal (11) (Kendal)

SD51249263 summer house, Kendal (12) (Kendal)

SD51039272 summer house, Kendal (13) (Kendal)

SD52808861 summer house, Kendal (14) (Kendal)

SD51779280 Kendal Meeting House (Kendal) L

SD52099329 Parkin and Jackson masons (Kendal)

SD51629256 flood notice, Kendal (Kendal)

SD51699265 Miller Bridge (Kendal)

SD511936 Shakespeare's Oak (Kendal) gone

SD51699213 Holy Trinity Church (Kendal) L

SD51499263 Kendal Town Hall (Kendal) L

SD51309299 Nobles Rest (Kendal)

SD51609208 Carlsons Fishing Tackle (Kendal)

SD51519300 Airey's of Kendal (Kendal)

SD51409193 Anchorite Well (Kendal) L gone

SD50949278 Serpentine Wood (Kendal)

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