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|  | Page 170:- is difficult to ascertain, with precision, the altitude of 
different objects by trigonometrical calculation. In a morning 
when the air above is clear, and nearly freed from vapour - while 
that near surface of the ground is charged with as much as it can 
contain without destroying its transparency - refraction is at 
the greatest; objects near the horizon appear more elevated than 
ordinary, and some are brought in sight that could not otherwise 
have been discerned: when, a little after mid-day - the vapour 
being more equally diffused - the altitude of an object may be 
more accurately observed.
 
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| snow 
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|  | A covering of snow makes a kind of barrier between the internal 
heat of the earth and that of the atmosphere: being a bad 
conductor, it preserves the surface of the earth from the 
severity of cold in winter; but in spring, excludes it from the 
genial effects of the solar rays. In the meantime the contiguous 
atmosphere suffers more extensive variations; the greatest 
extreme of cold being experienced when the earth is covered with 
snow. 
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| rainfall 
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|  | The mean annual quantity of rain at Keswick is about 68 inches; 
at Kendal 60 inches; at Manchester 35 inches; at London 20 
inches. 
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