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roman fort, Brough
Verterae
locality:-   Brough Castle
locality:-   Church Brough
locality:-   Brough
civil parish:-   Brough (formerly Westmorland)
county:-   Cumbria
locality type:-   roman fort
1Km square:-   NY79141405 (about) 
1Km square:-   NY7914
10Km square:-   NY71
evidence:-   old map:- OS County Series (Wmd 16 15) 
placename:-  Verterae
source data:-   Maps, County Series maps of Great Britain, scales 6 and 25 inches to 1 mile, published by the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, from about 1863 to 1948.
evidence:-   old map:- Stukeley 1723
placename:-  Brough
placename:-  Verteris
source data:-   Road map, uncoloured engraving, the Antonine Itineraries through Britain, scale about 55 miles to 1 inch, plotted by William Stukeley, 1723, published London, 1724.
image  click to enlarge
Stu1Cm.jpg
"Verteris / Brough"
item:-  Hampshire Museums : FA2001.171
Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-   descriptive text:- Simpson 1746
placename:-  Caesar's Tower
source data:-   Atlas, three volumes of maps and descriptive text published as 'The Agreeable Historian, or the Compleat English Traveller ...', by Samuel Simpson, 1746.
image SMP3P6, button  goto source
Page 1024:-  "..."
"Brough, ... is divided into [two]"
image SMP3P7, button  goto source
Page 1025:-  "... Church Brough, ... with ... a small Fort called Caesar's Tower, ..."
evidence:-   old text:- Pennant 1773
placename:-  Verterae
source data:-   Book, A Tour from Downing to Alston Moor, 1773, by Thomas Pennant, published by Edward Harding, 98 Pall Mall, London, 1801.
image PEN6p135, button  goto source
Pennant's Tour 1773, page 135  "..."
"... Church Brough, a village noted for its ancient castle, probably built on the site of the Roman station Verterae, where was placed a band of"
image PEN6p136, button  goto source
Pennant's Tour 1773, page 136  "Directores, a sort of soldiery supposed to have been employed as guides. ..."
evidence:-   old map:- Pennant 1777
placename:-  Verterae
source data:-   Map, hand coloured engraving, A Map of Scotland, Hebrides and Part of England, drawn for Thomas Pennant, engraved by J Bayly, published by Benjamin White, London, 1777.
image  click to enlarge
PEN1Cm.jpg
"VERTERAE / Brough"
circle; buildings, village, etc 
item:-  private collection : 66
Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-   descriptive text:- Lowther 1780s-90s
placename:-  Verterae
source data:-   Scrapbook, 4 volumes, of descriptive texts, maps, and prints of views and coats of arms, for Westmorland and Cumberland, assembled by a member of the Lowther Family, late 18th early 19th century.
Text with a print, engraving, Brough Castle, drawn by Samuel Hooper, engraved by Sparrow, 1775:-  "... CAMDEN describing this country [round Brough] says, 'Here Eden seems to stop its course, that it may receive some rivulets; upon one of which, scarce two miles from Eden itself, stood Verterae, an ancient town mentioned by Antoninus and the Notitia; from the latter of which we learn, that in the decline of the Roman empire a Praefect of the Romans quartered there with a band of the Directores. ..."
evidence:-   old text:- Camden 1789 (Gough Additions) 
placename:-  Verterae
source data:-   Book, Britannia, or A Chorographical Description of the Flourishing Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, by William Camden, 1586, translated from the 1607 Latin edition by Richard Gough, published London, 1789.
image CAM2P157, button  goto source
Page 157:-  "..."
"Verterae is no doubt rightly fixed at Brough. The course of the military way is absolutely certain; the remains are generally so grand, and it is so rarely interrupted, and then only for so short a space, that we have never the least difficulty about it."
"..."
"... upper or church Brough ... Here also stands the castle ... and the fort mentioned by Camden called Caesar's tower."
evidence:-   old text:- Camden 1789
placename:-  Verterae
item:-  Antonine Itineraries; Notitia Dignitatum
source data:-   Book, Britannia, or A Chorographical Description of the Flourishing Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, by William Camden, 1586, translated from the 1607 Latin edition by Richard Gough, published London, 1789.
image CAM2P148, button  goto source
Page 148:-  "[VER]TERAE, an antient town mentioned by Antoninus and the Notitia, which last adds that in the decline of the Roman empire here was a Roman praefect stationed with a Numerus Directorum. The town at present reduced to a mean village, fortified with a small rampart, has changed its name to Burgh, by our people called Burgh under Stanemore. Under the later emperors, to remark once for all, small castles proper for war and well supplied, began to be called Burghs by a new name, which, after the removal of the empire into the east, the Germans and other nations seemed to have borrowed from the Greek πυρος, whence the Burgundiones has their name from inhabiting Burg, the common term at that time for dwellings thick scattered on borders. I find no further mention of this place except that in the beginning of the Norman government the English here formed a conspiracy against William the Norman. I would venture to affirm this Burgh to be VERTERAE for this single reason, that the distance between it and Lavatrae one way, and Brovonacum the other, reduced to Italian miles, exactly corresponds with numbers in Antoninus, and the Roman military way with a visible ridge runs this way to BROVONACUM through ABALLABA, mentioned in the Notitia, which still retains its name with so little variation as to discover itself most clearly, and remove every doubt. For we call it by shortness from Aballaba Apelby. This place"
evidence:-   site plan:- Curwen 1913
source data:-   Site plan, lithograph, Site Plan of Bough Castle, Brough, Westmorland, published for the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society by Titus Wilson, Kendal, Westmorland, 1913.
image  click to enlarge
CW0114.jpg
On p.81 of The Castles and Fortified Towers of Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire North of the Sands, by John F Curwen. 
printed at bottom:-  "SITE PLAN OF BROUGH CASTLE."
item:-  Armitt Library : A782.14
Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-   site plan:- Historical Monuments 1936
source data:-   Site plan, uncoloured lithograph, Brough Castle Roman Foundations under Keep, Church Brough, Brough, Westmorland, scale about 1 to 290, published by Royal Commission on Historical Monuments England, London, 1936.
image  click to enlarge
HMW036.jpg
On p.48 of the Inventory of the Historical Monuments in Westmorland. 
printed, bottom  "BROUGH CASTLE / ROMAN FOUNDATIONS / UNDER KEEP"
RCHME no. Wmd, Brough 1 
item:-  Armitt Library : A745.36
Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-   text:- Rivet and Smith 1979
placename:-  Verteris
placename:-  Valteris
placename:-  
source data:-   The roman fort at Brough Castle, Westmorland. 
evidence:-   old map:- Horsley 1732
placename:-  Verterae
placename:-  Brough
source data:-   Map, uncoloured engraving, Britannia Antiqua, roman Britain, scale about 50 miles to 1 inch, by John Horsley, perhaps 1732, edition published about 1869?
image  click to enlarge
HOR1Cm.jpg
"Verterae / Brough"
item:-  JandMN : 429
Image © see bottom of page

: 1958: Trans CWAAS: series 2 vol.58: pp.31-56
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