Old Cumbria Gazetteer - Brougham Hall: Gents Mag 1848


included in:-	Brougham Hall, Brougham
	Brougham Hall: Gents Mag 1848
evidence:-	old text:- Gents Mag item:- coat of arms; armour; arms; tapestry; horn, Brougham; furniture
source data:-	Magazine, The Gentleman's Magazine or Monthly Intelligencer or Historical Chronicle, published by Edward Cave under the pseudonym Sylvanus Urban, and by other publishers, London, monthly from 1731 to 1922. goto source Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 1 p.369 "..." "A VISIT TO BROUGHAM HALL," "In a letter addressed to James Dearden, Esq. of the Orchard and Handle Hall, Lancashire." "MY DEAR DEARDEN - You ask me for some account of the old embattled mansion of Brougham Hall, the seat of the ex-Chancellor Lord Brougham, and which through the kindness of his lordship I visited last autumn." "The domain is in Westmorland, though upon the extreme border and nigh unto Cumberland, and is situated amid a succession of gradually diminishing woody hills and green headlands, which connect the open country with the mighty mountainous chain surrounding the lakes." "The nearest town is Penrith, and from hence a pleasant walk of a mile or so on the Shap road brings you to the gate, after passing through a succession of inclosures sprinkled with old gabled cottages and farm-houses, clothed in a most luxuriant garb of wild rose and honeysuckle, intermingled with the darker ivy. The first distinct view from the road is immediately after passing the old British remain "King Arthur's round table," and before ascending the celebrated and no less picturesque bridge of Lowther, so well known as the spot where Cluny Macpherson engaged the advanced guard of the Duke of Cumberland in 1745, and brought off the artillery belonging to the Highland army. From this place the old hall assumes a very imposing appearance. Grey, venerable, and massive, it crowns the summit of a precipitous bank, and from its resemblance has been not inaptly termed the Windsor of the North." "The principal feature from this point of view is a huge square tower, embrasured and machicolated, rising above and connecting itself with various masses of embattled buildings, and grouping in the most pictorial fashion with the aged trees which feather the steep descent to the river. Nothing could be more picturesque than it was as I first saw it, sometimes for a moment reposing its darkened and shadowy mass of battlements and towers upon the white, driving, fleecy clouds, and the next standing out in high relief upon a back-ground of deep blue sky or deeper cloud, with all its small irrregular and diamond-paned casements sparkling and glittering in the sun. Crossing Lowther Bridge, the vsitor leaves the main road through the park gate, and passing for a short distance through the wood, finds himself beneath the terrace immediately in front of the great tower, which seems to have been constructed, from the situation and direction of the machicolations, with the intention of defending this part of the approach." "The road now winds round the base of the buildings, splayed down and but-"
source data:-	goto source Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 1 p.370 "[but]tressed at intervals, and in some parts discovering portions of scarped rock, revealing the foundations of the edifice. A narrow ribbed bridge over head at one point connects the terrace with the chapel, beneath which the road advances, and thence through the upper part of an old avenue, between the ruins of the castle and the hall, to the principal gateway, a low heavy tower, partially covered with ivy, through which peer out two or three most significant loop holes, giving assurance of and bearing winess to the warm reception unwelcome visitors might have got in the days of yore. Beneath the arch swings an ancient and most formidable pair of iron-studded oak-plank gates, four inches thick, with a small wicket for foot passengers. These gates are now so much dilapidated that they are suffered to repose against each side, and a modern, frail, barred gate usurps their ancient occupation." "The old oaks in the avenue are getting stag-headed, and seem fast dying away, more's the pity, forming as they do so desirable an accompaniment, with their shattered and knarled branches twisted in all manner of fantastic forms, so delightful to the artist. What a strange charm there is in these stunted, doddered old trees, and still more so in the feudal and embattled halls of the ancient gentry, hoary with age and the war of elements and of man, with all their historic and romantic associations; crisp with partially decaying masonry, and tinted by lichen, mosses, and all the small vegetation which so much delights in old walls." "Passing through the archway, the antiquary is delighted with the large venerable courtyard into which he thus gains admittance, surrounded by buildings of various ages, though none to appearance later than the time of Henry VII. and arranged in the most picturesque and irregular manner, partly covered with ivy, and the walls gray with the weather-stains of centuries. The edifice is in great part built of the limestone of the district, which assumes a variety of tone and colour after long exposure to the atmosphere. The windows, doorways, &c. are of sandstone. From this court a stone-groined arched passage beneath a tower large enough for carriages leads into a second court, appertaining to the offices, stables, &c. and having a clock tower, and another arched gatehouse leading into the park. ..." "The principal suite of apartments occupies three sides of the large court first entered, and in the centre a porch, embattled and with buttresses, admits through a most hospitable-looking archway into a sort of cloistered passage running along the entire front of this range of the buildings, and through it into the great hall, a magnificent apartment, and worthy to banquet the best of all its noble and learned owner's most distinguished friends. Its dimensions are from forty to fifty feet long by twenty wide and high, with an oaken roof resting on spandrils, the whole illuminated with gold and brilliant colours, lately renovated. The walls are paneled with napkin paneling some twelve feet high, and above hang demi-suits of armour, intermixed with weapons and stags' antlers. At the upper end of the hall is the fireplace, richly carved in stone, and beneath its wide yawning arch is a reredos and andirons or dogs, bearing the arms of Henry VII, for burning wood, Above are two full suits of armour, one bright, and the other allecret, and between them a beautiful demi-suit of bright steel inlayed with gold. Grouping with these military accoutrements are pennoncels and banners. In a recessed part of the wall, upon the court cupboard, stand various old pieces of silver-gilt plate and other matters of antiquity, and upon the paneling are suspended guns, old matchlocks, swords, and other weapons, which, from their family associations and interest, are hung low for greater convenience of examination; the most particular of which is the old Saxon horn, a very interesting relic, by possession of which some how or other the lands were anciently held. At the bottom of the hall is a screen of richly-carved oak, perforated; and here stand other three full cap-à-pie suits of bright armour; one a very fine suit, temp. Henry VI., another, a fluted suit, time of Henry VIII., and the third of Elizabeth's reign. The old flagged stone floor has been recently replaced by encaustic tiles, having the armorial devices of the family inlaid upon quar-"
source data:-	goto source Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 1 p.371 "[quar]ries; and the windows, six in number, are filled with painted glass of old German manufacture, seemingly of the date of Emperor Maximillian. In a quiet corner, near the screen, hangs a Crusader's sword, said to be the sword of Udard de Broham, temp/ Henry II. A.D. 1175, and of intense interest, from its having been brought with a prick spur from his tomb in the chancel of Brougham church. Through the hall and looking out upon the terrace, over the woods and up the vale of Lowther, is the dining-room, a low-roofed wainscoted room, also of napkin paneling, but much finer and more delicately executed than that of the hall, of the time of Henry VI. and with an elaborately-carved chimney-piece, representing some battle scene, carved oak doors, &c. Above this room, and approached by a staircase carved in oak, with twisted bannister rails, is the old drawing-room, exactly of the same size, perhaps thirty feet long, but somewhat loftier, and with numerous heraldic achievements emblazoned in the spaces between the heavy cross beams at their intersections. The walls are hung with tapestry of the time of Charles II. and in capital preservation; the colouring as good and brilliant as new. Over the carved fireplace are the arms of Edward VI. with his initials. Opposite to the door of the dining-room is Lord Brougham's own room, also paneled, but with plain panels painted white, crammed with books and papers, pictures, prints, and a most delightful and comfortable room, having one of the richest views imaginable of woods, water, patches of green and cultivated land, in endless variety, and backed by the range of mountains hemming in and forming the eternal barriers of the lakes." "A flight of steps within the screen leads to a small drawing-room, which is fitted up in the modern fashion, but with an old oak mantlepiece, carved doors, and ribbed roof, with windows opening out into the gardens. Beyond this room is the library, - as may be supposed the most imposing and sumptuous apartment in the house, of large but unequal form, and fitted around with heavy oak carved book-presses, well filled with books, of the quality of which it is superfluous to speak. Above these presses the wall is hung with Cordovan leather, gilt and painted, and upon this costly ancient material hang a series of family portraits of various ages and costumes. The roof is highly enriched with carvings, illuminated missal-wise." "Retracing our steps down the cloistered stone passage, through the screen and up the great hall, an iron clenched door opens upon the grand staircase, with stone-arched doorways and openings to galleries from the various landings on the ponderous oaken stairs. In one upper corner the walls show a gathering-up of masonry upon corbelled projections, which seems to betoken some covered-up secret chamber or private stair; or perhaps the support of some superstructure in the shape of a tower or turret above the roof, all giving evidence of Edwardian character. In recent repairs of this staircase, much old oak has been brought from Scailes Hall, another old property long in the possession of the family, and now also belonging to his lordship. Curious ancient glazing in plain glass, but much infinity of pattern in leaded forms, lights the staircase; and the roof is very rich and handsome, with a brass chandelier of flamboyant character, and perhaps Spanish or French origin." "Many of the bed-rooms are hung with tapestry, wainscoted, or decorated with stamped or gilt leather, and furnished with antique oak, marquetrie, and buhl furniture. In one room, hung with dingy, faded tapestry, beside a carved oaken bedstead furnished with thick old silk, the carpet upon being displaced shows a trap-door in the wormed oaken-planked floor, and this leads down a flight of stone steps, through the centre of the house, in the thickness of an inner wall, down into a small stone vault, and eventually out amongst the brushwood under the terrace; a very significant feature of the frail tenure upon which men held their lives and lands in the "good old days." However much and deservedly we may admire this most pictureque and interesting of all styles of architecture, we most certainly ought to feel thankful we live in an age when so romantic an adjunct to a bed-room is no longer necessary." "Another of these bed-rooms, the"
source data:-	goto source Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 1 p.372 "walls decorated with Dutch leather, brilliantly gilt and painted, contains a magnificent, ponderous, old bedstead of carved oak, covered thick and thicker with all the heraldries of all the Talbots. It came originally from Sheffield Castle, through various possessors, until purchased by Mr. Watt of Aston Hall, Birmingham, and presented by him to his lordship. How many a tale of romance does this frowning old bed seem cognizant of, perhaps occupied by Mary Queen of Scots during her long confinement under the Earl of Shrewsbury; her eyes fixed upon the heraldic pomp of her lordly keeper, but her heart far away, either in her own land of blue mountains, or in gay and regretted France." "Its modern occupant, if endowed with thought, may doze and dream away a thousand and one tales of terror and love in connection with this fine old relic of domestic economy, and yet perhaps, after all, not the least interesting part of its history may be its having been presented by James Watt to Henry Brougham." "From the "armourie" chamber, a flight of corbel stone steps, projecting from the wall, leads to a strange sort of gallery, which appears to be immediately over the machicolations of the great tower, and from which missiles of offence had in ancient times been projected. Since the armoury has been converted into a sleeping room, the openings of the machicolations have been closed, and the passage now assumes quite a Udolphoish dreamy character, and worthy of Mrs. Radcliffe. This room, though divested of its ancient appurtenances, still boasts a fine,old, timbered roof with the tooth ornament of Edward III's. time, and the bed of oak is hung with faded embroidered curtains of no modern date; the window, fire-place, all speaking of distant years." "This grim old apartment was described to me as being before its change a strange old-world scene, such as rarely now can be met with; armour hanging, decayed and rusty, piecemeal upon its walls; in some places dropped upon its floor, and struggling with accumulated dust and cobwebs for the slightest chance of being visible, intermingled with ragged pennoncels dropping from their hooks, bundles of pikes and other weapons; in fact a scene to which George Cattermole's pencil alone would have done justice." "The muniment room I have a vague suspicion is most quaint and redolent of iron-clasped, worm-eaten coffers, with clumsy, cankered locks, and all the other decaying interests usual in such matters - musty parchments - charters - huge seals - brazen-clasped books - inventories, &c. Of these things rumours are afloat, but few know the truth, and I, alas! know not even the situation thereof. I suspect, like the similar room in the Castle of Glammis of Shakespearian and Macbeth notoriety, no person but the lord, his heir, and the senechal of the castle, are allowed to know its security." "Throughout the various dressing and sleeping rooms there is an endless variety of ancient decoration, tapestry, leather, panelling, faded brocade, and embroidered silks, oaken carved grotesque bedsteads, garderobes, chairs of all shapes and conveniences, chimneys with raised hearths and with andirons; and yet all made choicely convenient by the addition of modern utilities our ancestors knew not of, but so admitted as to harmonize as much as possible with the more ancient arrangements." "In making some alterations in one of the towers, some Norman work in the shape of an arched recess was found, and this room is now being repaired to give it a character somewhat in accordnace with the date of the ancient work there discovered. A large stone arch divides the room, or rather forms a sort of recess for the bed, which is to be made from old drawings and illuminations, and a piece of tapestry of high antiquity will be drawn across the inside of the arch instead of having curtains to the bed. The chimney-piece is of Norman zigzag work with inlaid tiled hearth; the walls of wattled work in stone, part tinted azure, with an intermixture of gold; and above the arch in the spandrels are two of the Norman kings on thrones, painted from original drawings, and the whole surmounted by a heavy carved and painted roof. This is and will be one of the most singular rooms in the kingdom when completed."
source data:-	goto source Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 1 p.373 "Returning once more to the baronial hall, with its fifteenth century gloom and chivalric recollections, and passing thence along the stone cloistered passage, access is gained by a postern door heavily hinged and bolted to the terrace, at one end of which the bridge before mentioned as passing high overhead above the principal approach leads to the chapel ..."
source data:-	goto source Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 1 p.374 "..." "Dr. Markham further says, "From Browham or (as it was sometimes writ) Burgham, an ancient and warlike family took their surname and designation. They resided and flourished at this place for several ages. In or about the reign of Edward I. Gilbertus de Burgham was in possession of the whole, which he held in drengagio, a sort of military service, from the Danish word drenge, which signifies a servant. One moiety of the estate and manor he remits and gives up with the mill and advowson of the"
source data:-	goto source Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 1 p.375 "Church, and all his land in the forest of Whinfell and Hamels, to Robert de Veteripont, on condition that the other half should be free from that tenure to him and his posterity. Of late years Henry Browham, esq. a descendant of the said Gilbert, sold the possession, and removed to Scailes, with the parish of Skelton, co. Cumb. where some account has been given of the family." In the margin is added in a later hand, "In this year 1716 John Browham, esq. repurchased the estate, and is now in possession of it."" "The first of the names is Walter de Browham, antecedent to the Conquest, and the next Wilfred, whose cross-legged skeleton was discovered in the church. In the records of the Exchequer is a document showing that he was fined in the 22d year of Henry II. for joining the rebels Barons, and he is there called "Udardus de Broham." He was governor of Appleby castle, and was beaten, together with Gospatrick, son of Orme, at Appleby, by William King of Scots, who had entered the northern provinces 1174, with an army of 80,000 men, during the absence of Henry in France. He took the castles of Carlisle, Penrith, and Appleby, the last being then considered the key to England, being the guard of the mountain pass of Stainmore. In fact Udard, his kinsman De Morville, Earl Gospatrick, and others were at this time rebelling against Henry, so that their opposition to the King of Scotland was not likely to be very strenuous. These internal disturbances brought Henry back from France, who quickly defeated the Scotch, and brought the rebellious Barons under subjection, Udard and others escaping abroad, and joining the second Crusade. Gilbert de Broham his son gave up half his estate to Robert de Veteripont, who was then sheriff of Westmorland, but not in the time of Edward I., as stated in the Markham MS., but in the reign of King John, as shown by a deed now in the Rolls Chapel. He paid a fine for his non-attendance upon that monarch into Normandy, and his name appears on the "oblata roll" of the 2nd of King John, preserved in the Tower of London, amongst the Drenges of Westmoreland,- "Walter de Harcla," "Tailboys Baron of Kendal," "John de Morvill," and "Gilbert de Broham." In the deed with Veteripont he spells his name "de Burgham," but here "de Broham." It appears that the Norman tower forming the keep to the castle of Brougham (afterwards so long one of the residences of the powerful family of the Cliffords, Earls of Westmorland, but now in ruins), together with the advowson of the church and a considerable estate, at this time passed from the family; but they never parted with the manor." "To Gilbert succeeds Henry de Burgham, less celebrated than his modern namesake, and to him John de Burgham, sheriff of Westmoreland in 1351. Sir John de Burgham, knight, the next in descent, settles a disputed boundary with Sir Roger Clifford, knight; and their instrument, dated 2nd of Richard II., is in the Rolls Chapel. In 1383 Sir John de Burgham was knight of the shire for the county of Cumberland. His son, John de Burgham, also sat in Parliament for Carlisle, 1394 and 1396, and was succeeded by Thomas de Burgham, who in 1486 also was member for Cumberland. Succeeding him, we have John Burgham, the prefix "de" being now laid aside, who, by post mortem inquisition in 1494, is found seized of the manor of Brougham. John his son, 1504, married a daughter of Dudley of Yanwath Hall; succeeded by Gilbert Burgham, temp. Henry VIII. Thomas Burgham next follows, Lord of Brougham, A.D. 1553; married Jane, daughter of John Vaux of Catterlen and Tryermayne - hence the title Lord Brougham and Vaux. Henry Burgham, temp. Elizabeth. Thomas Browham demises to Agnes, his widow, "all that manor, capital, messuage, and demesne lands called Brougham Hall," &c. He died childless, and was succeeded by Peter Brougham, his uncle, who married Anne, daughter and heiress of John Southaic, of Scailes Hall, in Cumberland, representative of the Boyvills, feudal barons of Levington, and descended also from Ivo de Tailboyes, lord of Kendal. Henry Brougham, of Scailes and Blackhall, about 1622. Thomas Brougham, of Scailes Hall, sheriff of Cumberland, died 1645. Henry Brougham, esq. of Scailes Hall, his son, is thus mentioned in Bishop"
source data:-	goto source Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 1 p.376 "Nicolson's MS. collections relative to ancient neighbouring families, written in 1675. "Next adjoining Squire Browham, ancient heir male of all the Squire Browhams of Browham Hall, in Westmoreland, built him a very fine house at Scales, and lives there," &c. He married the heiress of the Lamplughs, and was succeeded by his grandson, John Brougham, of Brougham, Scales Hall, and Highhead Castle, in Cumberland, the latter property coming by his mother, the heiress of the Richmonds. John Brougham died 1756, and was succeeded by Henry Brougham, his brother, whose son Henry was father to the present representative of the family, Henry Lord Brougham and Vaux, ex-Chancellor, &c. His Lordship's grandmother was sister to Robertson the historian." "The panoramic views from the towers and the terrace over the richly wooded and picturesque neighbourhood embrace also many objects of great historic interest: the more ancient fortress of Brougham Castle, in ruins, forfeited in King John's stormy reign, and subsequently a favourite residence of of the Cliffords, Earls of Westmorland; the druidical circle of Mayburgh, of such uncertain and remote antiquity; the moated mound called "Kiing Arthur's Round Table:" the village of Clifton, celebrated for the skirmish interwoven by Sir Walter Scott into the charming romance of Waverly; Clifton Hall, an old border tower; Yanwath Hall, also embattled, and with two towers; Penrith, with its ruined castle, Beacon Hill, and Giant's Gravestones; the Countess's Pillar, where the celebrated Anne, Countess of Dorset, Pembroke, and Montgomery, the heiress of the Cliffords and the Vescis, so well known for her reparation of her castles, even during Cromwell's lifetime, and her subsequent stern answers to the political application from the corrupt court of Charles II., last parted with her good and pious mother." "These are a few, hastily enumerated, amongst the many scenes and objects of interest which present themselves within view from the leads of this favoured mansion; and when we remember that the hall, as before stated, stands upon the Roman station from which its name is derived; that the family have been here located from the time of the Heptarchy; that the various buildings show remains of architecture, from the ponderous Norman workmanship, through successive centuries, to the renovations of the present day; and, in addition to this, that the domain is in the far-famed county of Westmorland, and within a bowshot of Cumberland, and surrounded by scenery scarcely equalled, certainly not excelled, whether we take the rich home views or the more distant serrated ridges of its mountain horizon, - it must be allowed that, either in historic or romantic interest of situation, scenic beauty of locality, or picturesque character of the edifice, Brougham Hall has few rivals." "Faithfully yours," "GEO. SHAW." "St. Chad's Uppermill, Saddleworth, Manchester."

evidence:-	old text:- Gents Mag item:- antiquities; antiques, fake
source data:-	Magazine, The Gentleman's Magazine or Monthly Intelligencer or Historical Chronicle, published by Edward Cave under the pseudonym Sylvanus Urban, and by other publishers, London, monthly from 1731 to 1922. goto source Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 1 p.618 "MR. URBAN," "WE were sorry for the sake of truth, - we grieved on account of the violence done to archaeological science, - as, in your number for April last, we silently perused a most inflated letter of fine writing descriptive of Brougham Hall, so called, in the county of Westmoreland, the estate of Lord Brougham. This letter purports to come from the pen of a Mr. George Shaw, St. Chad's Upper Mill, Saddleworth, who, it appears, had been on a visit to Brougham Hall, and who seems to have taken upon himself the office of sponsor, not only for the description of external objects which he pretends he did see there, but also for other wonderful revelations of family antiquity which he did not see, and which never had existence, save and except in the fertile"
source data:-	goto source Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 1 p.619 "inventions of those interested, who furnished him with the spurious information. This letter first appeared in the Manchester Guardian, and was thence transferred, with proper emendendations and additions, to the pages of your long-established and useful periodical; and we have only to say that, if this ridiculous letter was thus industriously published for the purpose of conveying to the public mind certain high notions as regards the antiquity of Brougham Hall, the thing is a perfect hoax from beginning to end." "It would be tedious to follow Mr. Shaw step by step in all his turnings and windings through this enchanted castle. We shall therefore content ourselves with merely selecting a few specimens, in order to satisfy you of the imposition intended to be put upon the public by the epistle of Mr. George Shaw of Saddleworth." "In the first place, the house in question never had a tower at all belonging to it till the year 1832, when the "huge square tower," as Mr. Shaw calls it, was built;and therefore, when Mr. Shaw mentions the "huge square tower," or the great tower, which is the same thing, as evidently constructed to defend the pass in the approach," and the "strange sort of gallery, which appears to be over the machicolations of the great tower (the same again), and from whence missiles of offence had in ancient times been projected," - we say, when he was so describing this apology of a tower, he knew perfectly well such tower was entirely new in 1832, and that consequently nothing but chamber missiles would, in all human probability, be thrown from that tower since the said year of our Lord 1832; yea, and the more likely to be so as this strange, queer gallery, we are told, has since that time been turned into a bed-room "with quite a Udulphoish, dreamy character!"" "Then as to the "low, heavy-towered gateway," with its "significant loop-holes," which were to give the "unwelcome visitors of yore a warm reception," and the out-offices in the yard, with which "the antiquary is delighted, of various ages, though none to appearance later than the time of Henry VII." - "covered with ivy and the weather-stains of centuries," and "stone-groined arched passage," &c. - would you believe they were all erected in the reigns of George III. George IV. William IV. and Victoria, but principally in that of our most gracious queen Victoria!!" "But the remarkable discovery which it was reserved for Mr. George Shaw to make was "some Norman work in the shape of an arched recess, in making some alterations in one of the towers; and this room now being repaired (mark the word!) to give it a character somewhat in accordance with the date of the ancient work there discovered." Good gracious, Sir! this small room (there is no tower), called the Norman room, under which is the before-named groined arch, was only newly erected in 1844. Now this is a discovery indeed, for which Mr. George Shaw desrves a gold medal! The "gathered-up masonry" upon corbelled projections of "Edwardian character," together with the grand staircase, were totally new erections in the years 1843-44; and the "trap-door in the wormed oaken-planked floor leading out amongst the brush-wood," notwithstanding Mr. Shaw's melting soliloquy, never existed, except in his pompous letter, and if sought for will be found in the Greek calends, but not till then." "As to the nicknackery displayed on the inside walls of the house, such as suits of armour, match-lock guns, military accoutrements, spears, pennoncels, banners, &c. "objects of interest, from their family associations," (hear'st thou, Mars!) they have all been brought down from the various curiosity shops in Wardour Street and elsewhere since 1830; and the same may be said of nearly every like article in the house. And as to the cow-horn lately hung up - we beg pardon, the "old Saxon horn, a very interesting relic, by possession of which, somehow or other, the lands were anciently held;" and the "Crusader's sword, in a quiet corner, of intense interest from its having been brought, with a prick-spur, from the tomb of Udard de Brougham, in the chancel of Brougham church," are two of the most rampant and audacious fictions ever attempted in modern times to be foisted on public credulity." "..." "See Cobbett's Register, 17 Nov. 1832."
source data:-	goto source Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 1 p.620 "..." "Lastly, the "Castle of Brougham in ruins," which has now been in the Earl of Thanet's family for about 644 years, was not forfeited by the Brougham family in the reign of King John. Neither was Udard de Broham governor of Appleby castle temp Hen. II. Nor have that family been located there from the time of the Heptarchy. The hall does not stand upon the Roman station; nor is the manor of Brougham theirs, but the estate of the Right Honourable the Earl of Thanet." "We have written thus a plain statement of facts, in order to set the public right, and to prevent if possible the spread of untruths, such as those circulated under the mask of Mr. George Shaw of Saddleworth's letter most undoubtedly are, and which ere long will be copied into every four-and-sixpenny gazetteer in England; and we think it is high time such outrageous perversions of historical facts for family gratification should cease and determine." "We are, &c." "OLD SUBSCRIBERS."

evidence:-	old text:- Gents Mag
source data:-	Magazine, The Gentleman's Magazine or Monthly Intelligencer or Historical Chronicle, published by Edward Cave under the pseudonym Sylvanus Urban, and by other publishers, London, monthly from 1731 to 1922. goto source Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 2 p.31 "MR. URBAN," "ALTHOUGH the anonymous form of the very extraordinary attack by your OLD SUBSCRIBERS (vol.XXIX. p.618) on my description of Brougham Hall might well excuse my replying to it, yet I feel it due both to my own character and to your readers to request the insertion of the following remarks." "The point-blank denials, - such as, "the hall does not stand upon the Roman station," "there was no tower," "Udard de Brougham was not governor of Appleby Castle," &c. - it would be easy for me to answer in like manner by re-insisting upon those facts detailed in my letter, and with quite as much propriety; for if you must in common justice allow my description, although compiled in great measure from memory, and for the amusement of a friend, is quite as likely to be true as the ostentatious accusations put forth by your correspondents, without even a shadow of an attempt at proof." "They say that I wish to impress upon your readers that Brougham Hall, as it at present exists, has done so for centuries; and yet, if they had not read my letter with jaundiced eyes, they must have noticed that I repeatedly speak of renovations and alterations as having taken place, and still taking place. I knew that the house had been extensively re-edified, and never wished to convey a contrary impression, or for a moment supposed I was doing so; neither do I think iin looking over my letter that such an impression is at all given." "It is ridiculous to say, because a house has been repaired and in part rebuilt, that therefore the whole is a modern structure; and it is anything but just to accuse me of falsifying, because I have not stated the exact time when such repairs were made. Who, in popularly describing Warwick Castle or any other old mansion, is expected to name the different periods when every late alteration was made?I am not" "Since writing the above, I have received a note from a person to whom I applied for information to rebut your correspondents' charges, and I send you an extract: "Bearing always in mind that some parts, particularly the upper portion of the old tower, the old kitchen, and part of the west front, had, from decay, been [continued on next page] repaired, and in some parts wholly rebuilt, but with the old materials, between the years 1828 and 1830. The kitchen part fell down, and was replaced by what is now the great staircase in 1842. The timbering of the old tower was uninjured, as was the trap-door part, and is now in its old place. It is of very early date, as anybody who knows anything of old woodwork can at once see. In the same way the ceiling of the old drawing room was saved, being suspended by ropes fixed to the rigging while the defective portion of the west wall was repaired.""
source data:-	goto source Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 2 p.32 "the only person who has written upon Brougham Hall as an ancient residence. In the "Baronial Halls," published by Chapman and Hall, from drawings by J. D. Harding, George Cattermole, and others, there is a lengthened account of the place accompanied by prints; also in Fisher's Northern Counties, &c. and in other similar works." "It would occupy too much of your valuale space to follow your correspondents through all their assertions; though I have no doubt, if it were necessary, that I could substantiate every material fact I have stated." "If the writers re-read my letter, they will find that the fiction, as they term it, of St. Wilfred's Well I myself disapprove of, and object to in the very article in which they say it is first heard of, but which more extensive reading would have shown them was ascribed in S. C. Hall's "Baronial Halls."" "How facetious they grow about the armour, and then boldly say it all came from Wardour Street; and yet in a will dated 1565, Henry Brougham leaves his arms and armour, &c. ("hearst thou, Mars!") to his son and heir Thomas (with Brougham) as heirlooms. How do your daring correspondents know that the armour came from Wardour Street?" "..." "The genealogical part of the question appears also to be regarded as equally spurious with the hall, notwithstanding Mr. Justice Wightman's remarks at the trial which took place at Appleby assizes in August 1843 to the contrary. At this trial every feature of consequence which I have mentioned in the descent was proved before a special jury by the production of deeds and records, and the observation of the judge was, "that he never had in his experience seen a pedigree carried back so far, and with such clear proof." As to the manor, in the Rolls Chapel is preserved a roll headed "Le Bownder de Burgham," which ends thus: "And so thys ambulacyon was viewyd and merkett in the preserved in the Chapter House, Westminster, in the book endorsed Inquisitions post Mortem in 9, 10, and 11 Elizabeth, taken after the death of Henry Brougham, who died 6th Dec. 11th Eliz. the jurors find that he died seised of various lands, &c.; and, amongst others, "quod predictus Henricus Brougham fuit seisitus in Domenico suo et de feodo de et in manerio de Brougham, et la demeyne lands de manerio predicto," &c. and that he held this manor of the sheriff of Westmoreland (i.e. of the King) by knight's service. The father of this Henry is found to have died 18th Nov. 6th Edw. VI. and that he was the King's tenant by knight's service. This record is also in the Chapter House, Court of Wards and Liveries, 1st Mary to 1st Eliz." "In an Act of Parliament passed in the year 1776 for inclosing Brougham Moor, Henry Brougham is described as lord of the manor of Brougham, and in that character the principal allotment is made to him. If he had not been lord of the manor his claim would have been opposed before the commissioners. This Henry was Lord Brougham's grandfather, and died in Dec. 1782. Burn in his History of Westmoreland, p.391, says that the third part of the manor was held "by cornage," and, notwithstanding the sneers at the "old cow-horn," I should like to hear your correspondents' disproval of the antiquity of this tenure." "The fact of the family having been seated at Brougham from the Hep-"
source data:-	goto source Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 2 p.33 "[Hep]tarchy is pretty well borne out, independently of the pedigree, by the name mentioned by Horsley as a Saxon compound, - burgh and ham, - designating the family, the parish, the castle, the manor, and the hall, and in addition having an echo of the much older Roman name of Brovocum." "Stukeley, in his Itinerary, 1725, says, "I saw many fragments of altars and inscriptions at the Hall near the bridge, all exposed in the courtyard to weather and injuries of every sort." Your veracious critics deny the existence of both Roman station and courtyard, particularly of the latter, as only being an erection of the present century." "Mistakes such as these ought to have been avoided by writers who have used the lash with an unsparing hand, because they induce a very natural suspicion either of indifference as to statement of carelessness in research when facts are concerned; neither do I think that the periodical literature of the day is improved by the pungent acrimony of criticism, or the carping or sneers of anonymous correspondents." "Yours, &ampc." "GEO. SHAW."

evidence:-	old text:- Gents Mag item:- antiques, fake
source data:-	Magazine, The Gentleman's Magazine or Monthly Intelligencer or Historical Chronicle, published by Edward Cave under the pseudonym Sylvanus Urban, and by other publishers, London, monthly from 1731 to 1922. goto source Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 2 p.136 "MR. URBAN," "IT is strange that families cannot content themselves with probable antiquity; for by doing so, they might gain some credit for the claims they put forth - whereas by aiming at too much, their vaulting ambition oftentimes "overleaps itself and falls on the other side." However, most noble families in England are satisfied to trace their descent to the time of the Norman conquest; a period which has long been considered the satisfactory goal of a pedigree in this country; - while a few, more adventurous, push their pretensions somewhet further into the regions of romance, and the era of dragons, relying on fictions which may be classed with Jack the Giant-Killer, or the Arabian Nights' Entertainments: the French stock of Levi Mirepoix is said to claim their descent from the Virgin Mary! But enough of this; our business at present is ostensibly with MR. GEORGE SHAW, of St. Chad's Upper Mill, Saddleworth, Manchester, who has written a most elaborate letter about Brougham Hall, occupying nearly eight pages in your valuable Magazine, and which epistle, when the architectural, the historical, and genealogical subjects which it contains are considered, would give ample employment to a philosopher for one month properly to indite; but which Mr. George Shaw would fain persuade us he executed off hand, and "compiled from memeory to amuse a friend." - Well, this letter gravely informs us that Lord Brougham's family have been "located at Brougham Hall from the time of the Heptarchy," and makes many other startling announcements which we confess are quite new to us; and because we dared to doubt the truth of these statements, Mr. George Shaw accuses us of making an "extraordinary attack" - of "acrimony of criticism" - "carelessness of research" - and "indifference as to statement," - reproaches which certainly come with a bad grace from one who tells us his description was "compiled from memory," but does not say it was not for publication. Now, Sir, we assure Mr. George Shaw and all whom it may concern, that we entertain no ill feelings in this matter. We have no selfish vanity to gratify - no personal animosity to indulge - our sole object is the maintenance of historical truth: and if we have expressed ourselves strongly here and there, it merely arose from the feeling that the cheat was attempted to be put upon us along with the rest of the community." "In this free country men may build and alter houses as they please - they may erect castle composed of all the known orders of architecture, and garnish them with every accompani-"
source data:-	goto source Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 2 p.137 "[accompani]ment characteristic of the age they were intended to represent - and so long as they say nothing about them, we will venture to say that no one will, either by word or deed, attempt to disturb their harmless amusements; but, if on the other hand, such parties, or others for them, will needs indiscreetly volunteer grandiloquent letters in periodicals chiefly appropriated to antiquarian subjects, setting known history at defiance, and recklessy throwing down right and left the established land-marks of antiquity, those letters henceforth become public property; and neither Mr. George Shaw nor any one else in the like position has just grounds of complaint, if the public take the liberty of making their own fair comments upon them, which we have done; and Mr. George Shaw need not think our remarks less worthy of attention because he does not know our names. We advise him not to estimate us too cheaply, for we may chance turn out more awkward customers than he anticipates; and instead of complaining of our "point-blank denials, without even a shadow of an attempt at proof," let him answer our objections - he is on his trial. We it was who taxed him with writing false history; therefore the onus probandi rests with him. And how does he answer? He could, or he would, or he might reply if he chose, "by re-insisting on the facts detailed in his letter, which are quite as likely to be true as our ostentatious accusations." Be it so. But we do not intend to let him ride off in that way; we shall see anon. As to ssaying that he did not wish to impress upon your readers that Brougham Hall, as it at present exists, "had done so for centuries, because he repeatedly spoke of renovations and repairs," that is not the question (though it is pretty well to tell us that "missiles of offence had in ancient times been projected" from a tower, which was newly built from the ground in 1830), the question is, did not Mr. George Shaw intend in his letter to convey notions of great antiquity as regards this house in general by such passages as these? "that the various buildings show remains of architecture from the ponderous Norman workmanship through successive centuries." How do you construe that? It certainly looks to us to point at something like the Norman Conquest, as the age of the structure - or his description of the offices in the yard, "with which the antiquary is delighted, none to appearance later than the time of Henry VII. gray with the weather-stain of ages." But Mr. G. Shaw says he did not intend to convey such an impression, and that is quite enough for us. At the same time we must say, had he only made the smallest inquiry when at Brougham he would have discovered that the carcass of the present Brougham Hall was built by Henry Brougham, esquire, about the year 1767; that there was no tower of any sort then, save a small summer-house at the front of the west end, about as high as the first-floor windows, with an out-door entrance, as may be seen in a print in Hutchinson's History of Cumberland. The trap-door which was described as a thing in existence when Mr. G. Shaw wrote his letter, not as having been, is attempted to be explained by a foot note which makes matters more difficult. It was not spoken of as being in a tower before; now it is in its old place, we fancy, in the new tower, but where is the flight of stone steps, and where the stone vault? We fear Mr. G. Shaw has laid a trap and fallen into it himself. The times of 1767 required no such secret escape for personal safety." "Next comes the armour "hanging decayed upon the walls, and in some places dropped upon the floor, struggling with accumulated dust and cobwebs, ragged pennoncels, dropping from their hooks, bundles of pikes" (the Chartists must have left these). We are surprised there are no long bows in the collection, as it appears a weapon in much use in this locality. Well, we said all these matters came from Wardour Street, London, and elsewhere. And how is that rebutted? Merely by saying that one Henry Brougham by will in 1565 (8 Eliz.) left his harness, "arms and armour," to his son and heir Thomas (with Brougham) as heirlooms. We should like to see a copy of that will, because our forefathers were particular in the disposal of their armour, and most likely every suit will be specified. Did he leave two full suits of armour, one"
source data:-	goto source Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 2 p.138 "bright, the other allecret, and a demi-suit of bright steel inlaid with gold, over the fire-place, and three full cap-a-pie suits of bright armour against the screen; one a very fine suit temp. Henry VI.another a fluted suit temp. Henry VIII. and the third of Elizabeth's reign? George Clifford the renowned Earl of Cumberland flourished at this time, and was born in Brougham Castle at a time when Brougham Hall did not exist, who died possessed of no more than one suit of armour in Westmoreland. Henry Brougham left five full suits and a demi, certain; besides other demi suits which hang "twelve feet high above the paneling." Majority of iron suits over George Earl of Cumberland seven! Hear'st thou, Mars! - We are then asked how we know these chattels came from Wardour Street. When our statement is contradicted we will give answer to that question; that is the regular way of doing business. Now we will ask Mr. Shaw a question. He says this Thomas Brougham, who was so well off for armour, and who was Lord Brougham, died childless, and was succeeded by his uncle Peter Brougham - of where?" "We never denied there was a Roman station at Brougham, we only denied it was at Brougham Hall; nor did we say there was not a court-yard at Brougham Hall; we only said the out-offices were not as old as Henry VII. and "grey with the weather-stain of ages;" as to a yard, few houses are without a curtilege of some sort." "... We believe we did speak disrespectfully of the horn, and said it was a recent visitor at Brougham. But, instead of contradicting us, Mr. Shaw backs out of it, by asking us a question about tenure by cornage, and does not state about what time this horn was exalted." "We have now run over most of Mr. Shaw's answers to the minor points of our last letter, and leave it to your readers to judge whether they are really any answers at all; and we propose next to handle the main points at issue, as to which Mr. George Shaw, instead of answering, "re-insists on the facts detailed in his letter as quite as likely to be true as our ostentatious accusations."" "1st. "The Castle of Brougham in ruins was not forfeited," "nor passed from them" (the Broughams, for it is differently worded in Mr. G. Shaw's first and second letter), in King John's reign. We learn from an uncertain bundle, temp. Hen. III. in the Tower of London, that an inquisition of waste was taken on the Veteripont estate during the minority of Robert de Veterippont. "Inq' de vastis fact' durante minoritate sua," in which the house of Bruhame (Bruhame domus) is mentioned as having been suffered to go to decay. From this it is evident the King's licence had not then been obtained to embattle; consequently the castle of Bruhame, if not in existence temp. Hen. III. most assuredly was not so in the prior reign of King John, and therefore could not be forfeited or passed from any one. ..."
source data:-	goto source Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 2 p.139 "..." "2nd. "Neither was Udard de Brohan or Broham Governor of Appleby Castle temp. King Henry II." but Gospatrick son of Orm, as is clearly shown by the following entry in the Pipe Rolls for Yorkshire, 23 Hen.II. rot.5, m.2, the year that Appleby Castle was taken by the King of Scots, "Gospatricius, filius Orm, reddit compotum de cc. et xxvj. li. et xiil. s. et iiij. d. de misericordia, quia reddit castrum Regis de Appelbi Regi Scottie." Jordan Fontosme says, "The King very soon had the castle of Appleby; there were no people in it, but it was quite unguarded. Gospatric, son of Orm, an old grey-headed Englishman, was the constable; he soon cried mercy." But no mention of Udard de Brohan or Broham is to be found at that time as in any way connected with Appleby Castle." "3rd. "Nor have that family been located there from the time of the Heptarchy." Where is there a shadow of evidence that they were? Hugh de Morville, a "kinsman" too! (see April, p.875), who forfeited the barony of Westmorland in 18th Hen. II. A.D. 1171 for the murder of Becket, possessed Brougham, for in that reign he converted tenure by drengage into free tenure at Brougham,* and it is clear that Gilbert de Broham (if ever there was such a person at Brougham) had not thrown off that slavish service in the 2nd of King John; for Mr. G. Shaw tells us that he then appears as a drenge. After the forfeiture of Hugh de Morville, the honour of Westmorland remained in the crown till the 4th of King John, when it was, with the castles of Appleby and Brough, intrusted to the keeping of Robert de Veteripont, to whom in the next year it was given in perpetuity, and from him it has descended, without alienation, to the present Earl of Thanet. Brougham Castle has always accompanied it; and, this being so, how can Mr. G. Shaw pretend "to compile from memory" that the Broughams have been here "located since the time of the heptarchy!" with not even the help of a Domesday Book†to shed its dim twilight on the tangled path which would lead him to the time of the Confessor, say A.D. 1050, much less to that of the heptarchy, say A.D. 600 or 700! Nor is the name de Broha, which is as often spelt Brohan as Broham, any more connected with Brougham, that we can find, than that of Robert de Broi, which appears near the same year in the same Pipe Rolls for Westmorland. The reasoning in this case much resembles that of Fluellin, who thought the birthplace of Alexander the Great was like Monmouth, because there was a river at Monmouth and another in Macedon - or like Mr. G. Shaw's own illogical conclusion in his last letter - that because Horsley in his Britannia says the word Brougham is a compound of Burgh and Ham, argal, as the grave-digger has it, the family have been located there since the time of the heptarchy! particularly as it smacks of the much older Roman name Brovocum, - which is incorrect, for Horsley calls it Brocavum." "4th. "The Hall does not stand on the Roman station." This point we need not dwell upon, for the station itself is still in existence, and rises up in evidence against Mr. G. Shaw's history. Brougham Castle stands close on its north vallum, and is three-quarters of a mile from Brougham Hall. Horsley says, "Brocavum I conclude to be Brougham Castle, in which I have the general concurrence of others." See Roy's Military Roads, fol. and various authors passim. So much for Brougham Hall standing on the Roman station!" "5th. "Nor is the manor of Brougham theirs." The first evidenece which is adduced in support of this assertion is a riding of the boundary of Brougham in the reign of Richard the Second, when it is said Sir John Burgham was present along with Sir John Clifforth. We have seen a copy of this boundary perambulation quite different from the one quoted from by Mr. G. Shaw. There is no Sir John Burgham there, but plain John. Nor are the words alike. But supposing this to be a genuine document, of which we have some doubt, it does not prove that John Burgham had" "*Mag. Rot. 24 Hen. II. rot.5." " †The Domesday Book of William the Conqueror does not extend to this part of Westmoreland and the three other northern counties."
source data:-	goto source Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 2 p.140 "any thing more to do with the manor more than a steward or as a trustee; nor does it prove he lived at Brougham. It was the habit of the Cliffords, on going to the wars, to make over their estates in trust as a provision for their wives in case they fell in battle; as in the preceeding reign, for instance, Roger de Clifford feoffed William de Cornbrigg and others in the castle and manor of Brougham, 47 edw. III.- and what do we find in the following reign of Hen. IV. after the boundary riding of Rich. II? Why that by inquisition of 4 Hen. IV. No.37, Matilda, wife of Roger de Clifford, Knight, died seized of Brougham castle and manor. Again, in 34 Hen. VI. by inquisition taken at Brougham, 28 Sept. before William Parr, escheator for Westmoreland, Sir Thomas Clifford, Knight, is found to hold of the king in capite the castle and manor of Brougham." "But an inquisition is found in 10 Eliz. 1567, which is to shew that the Broughams were lords of Brougham. And Thomas Brougham, in 1553, is termed by Mr. Shaw Lord of Brougham. Unfortunately again, the castle and manor were in Elizabeth's reign included in the marriage settlement of George Earl of Cumberland with Lady Russell. We will only put in another inquisition and have done. By inquisition post mortem, Dec. 20, 6 James I. 1609, taken before William Hutton and Thomas Carleton, escheators to the king, on the death of George Earl of Cumberland, it was found he died seized of the castles and manors of Brougham, Appleby, Brough, and Pendragon, with the church of Brougham to the said manor belonging." "Next, Mr. Justice Wightman is made to say at the trial at Appleby assizes, Brougham v. Bird, Aug. 1843, "that he had never in his experience seen a pedigree carried back so far and with such clear proof." Mr. Justice Wightman said nothing of the kind. There was no pedigree put in nor any required beyond the year 1727, when the Broughams bought the property of the Birds. Here is, from the report of the trial, what Mr. Justice Wightman did say, - "It was seldom so clear title* could be established (not a pedigree); possession had been proved for 117 years." This is "compiling from memory."" "Now comes the last stake. An Act of Parliament was passed in 1776 for dividing Brougham moor, in the pre-amble of which Bill Henry Brougham is styled lord of the manor - admitted - and passing strange it is that it should be so, but so it was. But the pre-amble of a Bill does not go for much - it only proves extraordinary negligence in drawing up that Bill - the award is the evidence at the long run. Mr George Shaw thinks he has floored us at last by this awkward home-thrust, and certainly it looks like a poser; but we shall call up the surveyor who divided the common to the rescue. Mr. James Clarke, land surveyor, who published a useful book, called a "Survey of the Lakes," in 1789, fol. at p.6 makes the following statement, -" ""The next remarkable place upon the road is Brougham Hall, called till lately the Bird's Nest, the seat of Henry Brougham, esq. Dr. Burn calls this estate a manor, but very erroneously; it lies within the manor of Oglebirds, and is held of the Earl of Thanet as part of the forest of Whinfield. This was not well ascertained till after the division of the common in 1775, when the commissioners were directed to set out such a proportion of ground as they thought proper to Henry Brougham, esq. for the signory of Brougham Hall. Mr. Brougham made no claim, knowing he had no manor, and the Commissioners upon inquiry found that the manor belonged to the Earl of Thanet, and that the tenants were all freeholders. Mr. Brougham therefore took his share among the other tenants without ever attempting to establish any claim as lord."" "Now Mr. George Shaw of St. Chad's Upper Mill, "take," as Hume says, "your change out of that;" nay moreover, there are only two customary tenants left within the manor of Brougham, and Lord Brougham is one of them. Need we go any further, Sir?" "From the above evidence it will be seen that the history of the manor of Brougham in Nicolson and Burn's History of Westmoreland has been written by some Mr. George Shaw of" "*See Rot. Orig. 47 Edw. III. ro.30; also Inq. Post Mortem same year, No.26."
source data:-	goto source Gentleman's Magazine 1848 part 2 p.141 "that day, and is false from beginning to end, for thay do not mention the Cliffords once as lords of the manor!" "We could ask Mr. George Shaw how he makes John de Burgham sheriff of Westmoreland in 25 Edward III. when we know Thomas de Bellocampo was sheriff - that in Brown Willis's Notitia the member for Cumberland in Rich. II. is John de Bronham not Burgham - that John de Brugham (Brigham) by the same author sat for Carlisle in 1394 - that instead of Thomas de Burgham sitting for Cumberland in 15 Hen. VI. it is on Willis's list John Broughton - that Thomas Brougham of Scales, who died 1648, was not sheriff of Cumberland at all - his name does not appear in the list in Eliz. James, or Charles the First, if that list be correct. We could ask far more questions than these, but we fear we have already trespassed too much on your valuable space, and we only give one solitary word of admonition to Mr. George Shaw at parting, who we think cannot accuse us this time of any thing but pleasantry towards him - that the next occasion in which he goes from St. Chad's to write history in Westmoreland, he will endeavour to make himself more master of facts, and "compile less from memory."" "Yours, &c." "OLD SUBSCRIBERS."

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