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placename:-
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Westmorland
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other name:-
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Westmoreland
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county:-
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Cumbria
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county, old
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source:- |
Martineau 1855
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Guide book, A Complete Guide to the English Lakes, by
Harriet Martineau, published by John Garnett, Windermere,
Westmorland, and by Whittaker and Co, London, 1855;
published 1855-71. |
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Page 57:-
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A DAY ON THE MOUNTAINS.
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... There is one thing more that he [the stranger] must do
before he goes on into Cumberland. He must spend a day on
the Mountains: and if alone, so much the better. If he knows
what it is to spend a day so far above the every-day world,
he is aware that it is good to be alone, (unless there is
danger in the case); and, if he is a novice, let him try
whether it be not so. Let him go forth early with a stout
stick in his hand, provision for the day in his knapsack or
his pocket; and, if he choose, a book: but we do not think
he will read to-day. A map is essential, to explain to him
what he sees: and it is very well to have a pocket compass,
in case of sudden fog, or any awkward doubt about the way.
In case of an ascent of a formidable mountain, like Scawfell
or Helvellyn, it is rash to go without a guide: but our
tourist shall undertake something more moderate, and
reasonably safe, for a beginning.
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Page 165:-
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... There are two cairns on two summits [of Helvellyn], not
far apart, ... These Men, (as such piles of stones
are called) mark the
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Page 166:-
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dividing line between Cumberland and Westmorland. ...
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person:-
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mountain guide
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date:-
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1855
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period:-
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19th century, late; 1850s
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descriptive text:- |
Ford 1839 (3rd edn 1843)
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Description of Scenery in the Lake District, by William
Ford, published by Charles Thurnham, London, et al, 1839;
published 1839-52. |
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THE Lake district extends over a portion of the three
counties of Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire, being
bounded on the south and west by the sea, which combines
beautifully from many elevated points with the inland
scenery, and occupying an area of about thirty miles in
diameter. It consists of large masses or clusters of
mountains, generally terminating in one aspiring and
pre-eminent point, with the intermediate valleys occupied
either by lakes and their subsidiary tarns, or by winding
rivers.
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placename:-
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Westmorland
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date:-
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1839
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period:-
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19th century, early; 1830s
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old map:- |
Cobbett 1832
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Maps, Westmoreland and Cumberland, by William Cobbett, 11
Bolt Court, Fleet street, London, 1832. |
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WESTMORELAND
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in a plain cartouche; the county shape is badly
distorted
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placename:-
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WESTMORELAND
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county:-
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Westmorland
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date:-
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1832
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period:-
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19th century, early; 1830s
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descriptive text:- |
Otley 1823 (5th edn 1834)
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Guidebook, Concise Description of the English Lakes,
later A Description of the English Lakes, by Jonathan Otley,
published by the author, Keswick, Cumberland, by J
Richardson, London, and by Arthur Foster, Kirky Lonsdale,
Cumbria, 1823 onwards. |
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Page 1:-
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DESCRIPTION OF THE ENGLISH LAKES AND ADJACENT MOUNTAINS.
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THE LAKES.
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THE Mountainous District, in which the English Lakes are
situated, extends into three Counties, Cumberland,
Westmorland, and Lancashire, which form their junction at a
point upon the mountain Wrynose, near the road side.
Lancashire is separated from Cumberland by the river Duddon;
from Westmorland by the stream running through Little
Langdale, and by Elterwater and Windermere, until south of
Storrs Hall; after which the river Winster forms the
boundary till it enters the sands near Medup; and the latter
county is parted from Cumberland by the mountain ridge
leading over Bowfell to Dunmail Raise, from thence over the
top of Helvellyn, and through Glencoin
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Page 2:-
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to Ullswater, and by the river Eamont till it enters the
Eden. Windermere Lake is said to belong to Westmorland, at
least its islands are claimed by that county; although the
whole of its western and part of its eastern shores belong
to Lancashire. Coniston and Esthwaite Lakes, with Blelham
and the tarns of Coniston, are wholly in Lancashire.
Grasmere, Rydal, and Hawes Water, with several tarns, lie in
Westmorland. The head of Ullswater is in Westmorland, but
below Glencoin it constitutes the boundary between that and
Cumberland. Derwent, Bassenthwaite, Buttermere, Ennerdale,
and Wastwater, are in Cumberland.
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goto source.
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... The road entering Lancashire at Brathay, or at Skelwith
Bridge, leaves it again at Colwith Bridge; ...
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goto source.
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... Near the road on Wrynose are the three shire stones of
Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire.
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goto source.
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Page 110:-
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... Dunmail Raise ... At the highest part of the road, a
wall separates the counties of Westmorland and Cumberland;
...
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Page 149:-
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THE GEOLOGY OF THE LAKE DISTRICT.
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AT the time this essay was first published, the structure of
the mountainous district of Cumberland, Westmorland, and
Lancashire, was but little understood; scientific travellers
had contented themselves with procuring specimens of the
different rocks, without taking time to become acquainted
with their relative position. Since then, the subject has
received more attention from persons conversant with
geological inquiries; especially from the distinguished
Professor Sedgwick. ...
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person:-
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geologist
: Sedgwick, Adam
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date:-
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1823
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period:-
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19th century, early; 1820s
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old map:- |
Perrot 1823
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Map, Cumberland, Westmoreland, scale about 38 miles to 1
inch, by Aristide Michel Perrot, engraved by Migneret, 1823,
published by Etienne Ledoux, 9 Rue Guenegaud, Paris, France,
1824; published 1824-48. |
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WESTMORELAND
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county
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placename:-
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Westmoreland
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date:-
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1823
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period:-
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19th century, early; 1820s
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old map:- |
Hall 1820 (Wmd)
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Map, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, now Cumbria, scale
about 14.5 miles to 1 inch, by Sidney Hall, London, 1820,
published by Samuel Leigh, 18 Strand, London,
1820-31. |
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Westmoreland
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in title cartouche; county
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placename:-
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Westmoreland
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county:-
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Westmorland
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date:-
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1820
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period:-
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19th century, early; 1820s
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descriptive text:- |
Wallis 1810
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Map, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, now Cumbria, scale
about 19 miles to 1 inch, by James Wallis, 77 Berwick
Street, Soho, London, 1810; published 1810-36. |
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Westmoreland.
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Is an inland county, in the N.W. part of England, having
Yorkshire on the E.; Lancashire on the S. and S.W.; and
Cumberland on the N. and N.W. A part of Durham also bounds
it on the N.E. It is in the province of York, is included in
the northern circuit, and sends four members to parliament.
It is divided into four hundreds, containing eight
market-towns, and 32 parishes. The chief mannfactures (sic)
are stocking and woollen cloth. Westmoreland received its
name from its situation to the W., and the principal part of
it being formerly moorish barren land. Population, 45,922.
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placename:-
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Westmoreland
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date:-
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1810
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period:-
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19th century, early; 1810s
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descriptive text:- |
Luffman 1803
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Map, Westmoreland, scale about 37 miles to 1 inch, by
John Luffman, 28 Little Bell Alley, Coleman Street, London,
published 1803-06; and similar map of
Cumberland. |
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WESTMORELAND is 45 miles in length from east to west, and 33
in breadth from north to south. It is divided into 2
baronies, which contain 8 market towns, 26 parishes, 8,212
houses; and the population amounts to 41,617.
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The air is clear, sharp, and healthy; the soil various; the
mountainous part very barren, and the vales altogether as
fertile. Copper mines, and, it is said, some veins of gold,
are in the mountains. The hams cured in this county are of
excellent flavour. The principal rivers are the Eden, the
Lone, and the Ken. It has also several fine lakes, the chief
of which is Winander-Mere.
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placename:-
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Westmoreland
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date:-
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1803
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period:-
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19th century, early; 1800s
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old map:- |
Cooke 1802
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Maps, Westmoreland, Cumberland, etc, now Cumbria, by
George Alexander Cooke, London, 1802-10; published
1802-24. |
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WESTMORELAND
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map title
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placename:-
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Westmoreland
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county:-
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Westmorland
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date:-
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1802
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period:-
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19th century, early; 1800s
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old text:- |
Camden 1789 (Gough
Additions)
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Britannia, or A Chorographical Description of the
Flourishing Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, by
William Camden, 1586, translated from the 1607 Latin edition
by Richard Gough, published London, 1789. |
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Page 150:-
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...
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WESTMORLAND is about 40 miles long by as many broad, and 140
miles in circumference, contains 510,000 acres, four wards,
seven market and two borough towns, 32 large parishes, and
about 6500 houses. The air is sharp and healthy. The soil in
the hills is barren and moory yet affording pasture for
store of sheep; the vallies are fertile in corn and near the
rivers in grass..
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Mr. Camden's description of the county answers only to that
part from Lancaster through the barony of Kendal to
Workington in Cumberland, which is a mountainous tract.
Whereas the barony of Westmorland, commonly called from its
low situation the bottom of Westmorland, is a large open
champion country, not less than 20 miles long and about 14
broad, affording great plenty of arable land and corn. Nor
do mores in the north parts signify wild barren mountains,
but generally common of pasture, in opposition to fells or
mountains; so that in Kendal barony where they have most
mountains, there are few or no mores, their commons being
generally called fells, and in the bottom of Westmorland
there are few mountains (except that ridge which binds the
county like a rampire or bulwark), but many mores which have
ridges that still appear and shew to have been formerly
plowed, having probably been deserted for situations more
favourable to agriculture.
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Archbishop Usher does not so much controvert the history of
king Marius whatever becomes of the derivation of the name
of Westmorland from him.
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Dr. Burn correcting Mr. Camden's etymology denies that the
name of this county is derivable from moors, it being
universally written in old records Westmerland. He does not
seem to have been aware that it might imply the land or
county of the Western mere or boundary between England and
Scotland.
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Though mountains, or as they are called in the language of
the country, fells, compose a large part of it, they are not
altogether unprofitable. They feed large flocks of sheep,
produce plenty of grouse or moor game, abound with rivulets
which water the vallies beneath, and yield a great fund of
minerals, lead, and coal, copper, and oker, and Silver-band
fell silver; and in the western fells is found fine blue
slate which supplies several parts of the kingdom, not to
mention the spars and imitations of diamonds, coralloids,
fossils, and marbles.
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The rivers of this county are but small, and only three that
can properly be called rivers carry their name to the sea:
... Eden ... Lune or Lon ... Kent ...
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...
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In the hollows among the mountains are found divers large
lakes, having small rivulets running through them, which
preserve the water clear, the lakes having commonly a pebbly
or rocky bottom.
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... All these bodies of water abound with divers species of
fish, as trout, eels, bass, perch, tench, roach, pike, char
and divers others. The south coast is pretty well furnished
with sea-fish, of which upwards of thirty different sorts
have been brought to Kendal market, till by the improvement
of the town and port of Lancaster the market for fish is
considerably drawn that way.
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This county long after the Conquest appears to have been
covered with wood: but it was probably destroyed on purpose
to prevent it affording shelter to the Scotch invaders.
Large trunks of oak, fir, birch, and other trees, which shew
the mark of the ax, lie near to their respective roots in
the mosses which have formed over them by the stoppage of
the water.
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The helm wind is a phoenomenon peculiar to this county and
the confines of Yorkshire and Lancashire, about
Ingleborough, Pendle, and Penigent. A rolling cloud hovers
over the mountain tops for three or four days together when
the rest of the sky is clear, and continues notwithstanding
the most violent hurricane and profound calm alternately
succeeding each other.
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The gentlemen's houses in this county are large and strong,
generally built castlewise for security of themselves and
their tenants with their goods against the inroads of the
Scots.
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Page 151:-
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The great Roman road passed through this county from
Stanemore to Brougham castle, ... Maiden way, ... Beside
these two Roman roads there are in this county eight good
turnpike ones.
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The country though barren is populous, and the inhabitants
civilized; which advantage Dr. Burn ascribes to the
institution of small schools in almost every village. Here
are large remains of the antient feudal policy, retained
longer in these parts by reason of the particular military
tenure against the Scots. These lands were first granted out
in large districts by William the Conqueror and his
successors to certain great Norman barons. These parcelled
them out to inferior lords, and they again granted them to
individuals. And they seem to have extended this regulation
as far as it would go. The soldier's estate from the number
of antient tenements in the several manors appears to have
been small, as what would now let for about 10 or 12l. per
annum. And besides the general military service in the
king's wars at home and abroad, the tenants in the borders
were liable to be called out in the particular service
against the Scots, at the command of the lords wardens of
the marches. Even the very diversions of the children still
have a reference to this border enmity. The boys to this day
have a play called Scotch and English, an exact picture in
miniature of the raid or inroad, and a very active and
violent recreation.
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The common people eat oaten bread as in Scotland, and oats
are imported weekly out of Cumberland and the adjoining
counties of York, Lancaster, and Durham. They breed great
numbers of cattle, and export largely butter and hams.
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This county is divided into the barony of Kendal and the
barony of Westmorland, in later times called the barony of
Appleby. The former belongs to the diocese of Chester, the
latter to that of Carlisle. In each barony we find two
wards, being districts of the like number of
high-constables, who presided over the wards to be sustained
at certain fords and other places for repelling plundering
parties out of Scotland. Two of these wards are in Kendal
Barony, Kendale and Lonsdale wards; and two in the bottom
called East and West wards. There was antiently a middle
ward between the two last, but since watching and warding
ceased it has fallen into the other two.
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It is a mistake that in antient times these parts paid no
subsidy, being sufficiently charged in the border service
against the Scots; for we find all along collectors of the
subsidies here granted both by clergy and laity from the
reign of Edward III. downwards, and taking all the taxes
together we shall find this country pays more to government
in proportion to the wealth of the inhabitants than any
county in the kingdom.
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In the Domesday survey an account is taken of many places
within the barony of Kendal, together with the adjoining
places in Lancaster and Yorkshire, whereas of Westmorland
properly so called no survey was made, it being all wasted
and destroyed and worth nothing. This barony extended a good
way into that part which is now called the bottom of
Westmorland, particularly into almost all the west part
comprehending the greatest part of the parishes of Barton,
Lowther, and Morland. But now the boundary of Kendal barony
as distinguished from the bottom of Westmorland is the same
nearly as the boundary of the several parishes of Gresmere
and Kendal on one side and Barton, Shap, and Orton on the
other. It is in the diocese of Chester, and has two rural
deaneries of Kendal and Kirkby Lonsdale, both of which
extend into the adjoining parts of Lancaster. The bottom of
Westmorland is in the diocese of Carlisle, and is all one
rural deanry called the deanry of Westmorland.
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The general military tenure of this county was by homage,
fealty, and cornage; which last seems peculiar to the border
service, and drew after it wardship, marriage, and relief,
and the service of this tenure was knight service. Cornage
was early converted into pecuniary payment, and White rent
was the lord's rent paid in silver. Scutage was another
service or compensation in money instead of personal service
against the Scots. A knight's fee in these northern counties
according to the register of Wetheral priory was estimated
not according to quality but quantity of the land. According
to that register 10 acres made one ferndell, four ferndells
a virgate (which is half a carucate), four virgates one
hide, and four hides a knight's fee: so that the knight's
fee in this case would amount to 640 acres. The value of
these appears to have been ascertained at the time of Magna
Charta, which fixes the relief to be paid for a knight's fee
at 5l. and as the relief in all the cases there specified
was after the rate of a quarter of the yearly value of the
fee, it follows that knight's fee was then estimated at 20l.
per ann..
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The last tenure to be explained in this county, and which
has puzzled former antiquaries, is drengage, which Dr. Burn
proves to be the most servile of all tenures, in opposition
to the free tenants, who were so called because they were
not villains or bondmen. For other customary tenures in this
county I must refer to Dr. Burn.
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"In Westmorland is but one good market town called Kendale,
otherwise, as I wene, Kirkby Kendale. ...
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date:-
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1789
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period:-
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18th century, late; 1780s
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old text:- |
Camden 1789
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Britannia, or A Chorographical Description of the
Flourishing Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, by
William Camden, 1586, translated from the 1607 Latin edition
by Richard Gough, published London, 1789. |
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Page 147:-
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WESTMORLAND.
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AT the extremity of Lancashire more to the north is another
small tract of the Brigantes, called by Latin writers
Westmorlandia, by us Westmoreland, and by some later writers
Westmaria; bounded on the west and north by Cumberland, on
the east by the counties of York and Durham. It has its name
in our language from its lying intirely among high mountains
(our Apennines extending themselves still further here in
breadth), and for the greater part waste; desart tracts
capable of little improvement from cultivation being called
in the north of England Mores, and West-more-land meaning
nothing more with us than a waste country to the West. Let
us therefore banish from the school of venerable antiquity
that idle dream about king Marius, whom our sleepy
historians fancied to have subdued the Picts, and left his
name to this county. ...
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placename:-
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Westmorland
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other name:-
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Westmorlandia
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other name:-
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Westmoreland
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other name:-
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Westmaria
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date:-
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1789
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period:-
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18th century, late; 1780s
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old text:- |
Camden 1789
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Britannia, or A Chorographical Description of the
Flourishing Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, by
William Camden, 1586, translated from the 1607 Latin edition
by Richard Gough, published London, 1789. |
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Page 149:-
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...
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The first lord of Westmoreland that I have met with was
Robert de Veteriponte, or de Vipont, who bore for his arms
G. six annulets Or. King John gave him "the bailliwik and
revenues of Westmoreland for four knights fees," whence the
Cliffords his successors to this day hold the office of
Sheriff of Westmoreland. For the last Robert de Vipont left
only two daughters Sybill, wife of Roger lord Clifford, and
Idonea, married to Roger de Leybourne. A long while after
this king Richard II. created first earl of Westmoreland
Radulphus de Novavilla, or Neville, lord of Raby, a man of
high and antient Saxon nobility, descended from Uchtred,
earl of Northumberland. His descendants by his first wife M.
daughter of the earl of Stafford, enjoyed this title till
Charles forming a conspiracy as vain as wicked against Queen
Elizabeth, and being obliged to fly his country, disgraced
that noble family, stained his own glories, and ended his
life in wretched exile in the Netherlands. ...
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In this county are 26 populous parishes.
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placename:-
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Westmoreland
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person:-
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: Vipont, Robert de
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person:-
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: Vipont Family
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person:-
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: Clifford Family
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person:-
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: Westmorland, Sheriff of
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person:-
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: Richard II
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person:-
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: Westmorland, Earl of; Novavilla, Radulphus de
Novavilla; Neville, Radulphus
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person:-
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: Neville, Charles
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person:-
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: Elizabeth I
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person:-
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: Lords Wardens of the Marches
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date:-
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1789
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period:-
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18th century, late; 1780s
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old text:- |
Clarke 1787
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Guide book, A Survey of the Lakes of Cumberland,
Westmorland, and Lancashire, by James Clarke, Penrith,
Cumberland, and in London etc, 1787 and 1789; and Plans of
the Lakes ... 1793. |
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Page 8:-
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...
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Westmorland contains only one borough, namely Appleby, and
sends four mem-
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Page 9:-
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[mem]bers to Parliament. It is very like Cumberland in its
soil and climate, and similarity of manners is every where
to be found in both. Dr Falconer, in a learned and elegant
paper, published in the Memoirs of the Literary Society of
Manchester, has proved almost to demonstration, that the
scenery of a country has the greatest share in forming the
manners of its inhabitants: but to this I must add another
source equally powerful, the necessities of situation.
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The contemplation of barren heaths, bleak, rocky mountains,
and almost impassable swamps and mosses, will naturally fill
the mind with gloomy and uncomfortable ideas; but when the
inhabitant has his daily sustenance to collect from these
dreary wilds, he will alternately starve and gluttonize. If
he is one day pinched with hunger, he will, if the next
affords him a prey, fall to with the voracity of a wolf. Can
we then wonder, that people so situated should have frequent
quarrels with their neighbours? Can we wonder that they
should, by every species of cruelty, endeavour to terrify
their neighbours from attacking them, where we must be
sensible that they have only the dreadful alternative to
massacre their invaders, or perish by hunger? When necessity
has thus begun the practice of cruelty, a spirit of revenge
keeps it alive, till custom rivets it too fast to be easily
removed.
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In every country where this is not the case, a spirit of
humanity in general keeps time with martial ardour. The
vanquished yielding enemy is considered as not only entitled
to mercy, but protection: the valour he has that day shewn,
though at the expence of the noblest blood of the victors,
increases the respect shewn him; and no one ever thinks of
revenging at that time the death of a father, a son, or a
brother. The Israelites were perhaps the only civilized
nation that ever massacred a vanquished enemy in cool blood;
nor were they contented with death alone, for they tortured
them in the most cruel manner; "they hewed them to pieces
with axes, and tore them with harrows." It is true, they
pretended a divine mandate for this; but what age has not
produced some crafty, designing priest, of art and impudence
sufficient to gloss over the blackest crimes! The situation
of the countries I am here describing is such, that they are
extremely beautiful in Summer, and equally cold, bleak, and
uncomfortable in Winter; and as we know that agriculture has
been very lately improved, or ever introduced here, we may
conclude that the necessities of them were much varied. In
Summer, the inhabitants would live pleasantly and
plentifully enough by hunting and fishing; but in Winter,
(before the art of preserving meat by the means of salt was
discovered,) their fare must have been very precarious. This
would naturally enough introduce the desire of those
conveniences their neighbours might chance to enjoy; and
among people where legislature is very imperfect, as theirs
was till very lately, the next step is plunder. The
consequences of these primeval habits are scarcely yet worn
out. We find, very late in the annals of history, the
inhabitants of these northern counties marked as despising
danger to a great degree: most of their ways of speaking of
it are ludicrous; and whoever has seen them engaged in their
favourite amusement, the Foot-ball, will perceive that even
their diversions were hazardous. With all this ferocity,
there was, however, a strong tincture of generosity;
history, tradition, and the old popular ballads confirm it
by numerous instances. Even among the inhabitants of the
debateable ground there was a kind of principle of honour
mixed with their thefts; for, though outlaws from both
kingdoms, and punished with death when taken, they seldom or
never did violence to the person of the traveller, and have
even been known to do actions of the highest generosity to
those whose misfortunes needed such assistance. This is, as
far as I can determine, the real character of the northern
counties: I shall only add, that the spirit of these people,
though changed from its original channel, is not lost; for
now it breaks out in obstinate lawsuits, as the learned
counsellors who attend this circuit can avouch.
|
|
|
...
|
|
date:-
|
1787
|
|
period:-
|
18th century, late; 1780s
|
|
|
|
descriptive text:- |
West 1778 (11th edn 1821)
|
|
|
Guide book, A Guide to the Lakes, by Thomas West,
published by William Pennington, Kendal, Cumbria once
Westmorland, and in London, 1778 to 1821. |
| |
goto source.
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|
Addendum; Mr Gray's Journal, 1769
|
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Page 210:-
|
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|
...
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|
|
Oct. 8. I left Keswick, and took the Ambleside road, ...
|
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|
... soon after a beck near Dunmail-raise, where I entered
Westmorland a second time: ...
|
| |
|
|
placename:-
|
Westmorland
|
|
date:-
|
1769
|
|
period:-
|
18th century, late; 1760s
|
|
|
|
descriptive text:- |
Bickham 1753-54 (Wmd)
|
|
|
Maps, A Map of Westmorland, 1753, and A Map of
Cumberland, 1754, by George Bickham, published
1750s-96. |
|
|
WESTMORELAND.
|
|
|
Westmoreland is bounded on the North and West by Cumberland
and a detach'd Part of Lancashire, on the South by
Lancashire, and in the East by Yorkshire and a Bit of
Durham. Principal Rivers are the Lone, the Kan, & the
Eden. The Standing waters of Winander Mere, and Ulles-Lake
are also famous in this County.
|
|
|
The sharp and clear Air is healthy to the Natives and robust
Strangers. The hilly Soil is very barren, but the Vallies
are tolerably fertile in Corn and Grass. In the Western
Hills are Quantities of Copper-Ore, with some veins of Gold,
but not worth the Expence of digging. Stockings are the
chief Manufacture, but Coth, and Stuffs are also made at
Kendal.
|
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|
Members of Parliament are two for the County, and two for
the Borough of Appleby.
|
|
|
...
|
|
date:-
|
1753
|
|
period:-
|
18th century, late; 1750s
|
|
|
|
old map:- |
Simpson 1746 map (Wmd)
|
|
|
Maps, Westmorland, scale about 8 miles to 1 inch, and
Cumberland? in The Agreeable Historian by Samuel Simpson,
printed by R Walker, Fleet Lane, London, 1746. |
|
|
WESTMORLAND
|
| |
|
|
placename:-
|
Westmorland
|
|
date:-
|
1746
|
|
period:-
|
18th century, early; 1740s
|
|
|
|
descriptive text:- |
Simpson 1746
|
|
|
The three volumes of maps and descriptive text published
as 'The Agreeable Historian, or the Compleat English
Traveller ...', by Samuel Simpson, 1746. |
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goto source.
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Page 1019:-
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WESTMORELAND.
|
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THIS is an Inland County, which has Lancashire on the South
and South west; Cumberland on the West and North-west; and
Yorkshire and the Bishoprick of Durham on the East and
North-east. 'Tis commonly reckoned 30 Miles in Length, but
not above 24 in Breadth, and about 120 in Compass.
containing 510000 Acres of Land. Mr. Templeman makes it 36
Miles in Length, and 34 in Breadth, and gives it an Area of
633 square Miles.
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'Tis divided into the Barony of Westmoreland, which is a
large, open, champain County, belonging to the Diocese of
Carlisle, twenty Miles long, and fourteen broad; and the
Barony of Kendal, which is full of Mountains, and belongs to
the Diocese of Chester. Both these are subdivided into two
Wards, each of which contains thirty-two Parishes, wherein
are many Chapels of Ease, eight Market-towns, of which one
only is a parliamentary Borough; and about 6600 Houses. In
each of these Divisions are several Deaneries and
Constablewicks, but no Hundreds, perhaps because anciently
these Parts paid no Subsidies, being sufficiently charg'd in
the Border-service against the Scots. The Gentlemens Houses
in this County are large and strong, and generally built
Castle-wise, for Defence of themselves, their Tenants, and
their Goods, against the Scots Incursions, which before the
Time of King James I. were very common.
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The Barony, or Bottom (as 'tis also call'd from its low
Situation) of Westmoreland, which is the northern Part,
affords Plenty of arable Land, which bears good Store of
Corn. The Barony of Kendale, or Candalia, which is the
southern Part of the County, and so called from the River
Can, which runs along the Valley, is pent up for [some]
|
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goto source.
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Page 1020:-
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some Space in a narrow Compass between the River Lone on the
East, and Winander mere on the West, and has some Rocks as
well as Mountains, but is pretty fruitful in the Vallies,
especially in the Meadows, near the Rivers; and its
Mountains have good Pasture for Sheep, with Copper Ore in
some Parts.
|
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|
Its Air is sweet, healthful, and pleasant, but somewhat
sharp in the mountainous Parts.
|
| |
goto source.
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Page 1021:-
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...
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|
Besides Pit-coal, this County abounds with other Fuel, there
being Plenty of Wood upon the Mountains in the Barony of
Kendal; and there are divers Forests in the Barony of
Westmoreland, as Whinfield-Forest in the Peninsula between
the Rivers Eimot and Eden; Martindale-Forest, which extends
almost the whole Length of Ulleswater; Thornthwait Forest,
Mallerstang, Milborn, and Melden-Forests; besides divers
Parks, which are well stock'd with Wood in both Baronies.
|
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This County gave formerly Title of Baron to the Family of
Vipont, and afterwards of Earl, first to the Family of
Nevil, and then to that of Fane, which now enjoys it. It
sends only four Members to Parliament, viz. two for the
County and two for [Appleby]
|
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goto source.
|
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Page 1022:-
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|
... Brompton makes mention of Applebyshire, and 'tis
supposed that it [Appleby] had once Sheriffs of its own, as
most Cities had; or else that Westmoreland was called the
County of Appleby or Applebyshire. ...
|
| |
|
|
placename:-
|
Westmoreland
|
|
other name:-
|
Applebyshire
|
|
other name:-
|
County of Appleby
|
|
person:-
|
: Vipont Family
|
|
person:-
|
: Nevil Family
|
|
person:-
|
: Fane Family
|
|
date:-
|
1746
|
|
period:-
|
18th century, early; 1740s
|
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|
old map:- |
Badeslade 1742
|
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|
A Map of Westmorland North from London, scale about 10
miles to 1 inch, and descriptive text, Cumberland similarly,
by Thomas Badeslade, London, engraved and published by
William Henry Toms, Union Court, Holborn, London,
1742. |
|
|
Westmorland sends 4 members to Parliament, containing one
Borough, 8 Market Towns, and 26 large Parishes.
|
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|
...
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|
The W. side of this County is divided from Cumberland by
Winander Meer, & the River Winster. The N.W. Boundary is
the River Eimot, which receives the Loder, and at last
unites with the Eden. The S. part of the County is divided
into 2 by the Can or Ken, which gives name to Kendale &
the Lone or Lune after having received the River Burrow is
the Boundary to Yorkshire, then passes by Kirby Lonsdale
into Lancashire. The River Eden rises in the E. part of the
County, receives first the little River Belo, afterwards
Blenkern, & at the N. point unites with Eimot, and flows
into Cumberland.
|
| |
|
|
placename:-
|
Westmorland
|
|
date:-
|
1742
|
|
period:-
|
18th century, early; 1740s
|
|
|
|
old map:- |
Badeslade 1742
|
|
|
A Map of Westmorland North from London, scale about 10
miles to 1 inch, and descriptive text, Cumberland similarly,
by Thomas Badeslade, London, engraved and published by
William Henry Toms, Union Court, Holborn, London,
1742. |
|
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|
WESTMORLAND
|
|
|
county
|
| |
|
|
placename:-
|
Westmorland
|
|
county:-
|
Westmorland
|
|
date:-
|
1742
|
|
period:-
|
18th century, early
|
|
|
|
descriptive text:- |
Defoe 1724-26
|
|
|
Travel book, Tour through England and Wales, by Daniel
Defoe, published in parts, London, 1724-26. |
|
|
Here we entred Westmoreland, a county eminent only for being
the wildest, most barren and frightful of any that I have
passed over in England, or even in Wales it self; the west
side, which borders on Cumberland, is indeed bounded by a
chain of almost unpassable mountains, which, in the language
of the country, are called Fells, and these are called
Fourness Fells, from the famous promontory bearing that
name, and an abbey built also in antient times, and called
Fourness.
|
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|
But 'tis of no advantage to represent horror, as the
character of a country, in the middle of all the frightful
appearances to the right and left; yet here are some very
pleasant, populous and manufacturing towns, and consequently
populous.
|
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...
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|
When we entred at the south part of this county, I began
indeed to think of Merionethshire, and the mountains of
Snowden in North Wales, seeing nothing round me, in many
places, but unpassable hills, whose tops, covered with snow,
seemed to tell us all the pleasant part of England was at an
end. ...
|
| |
|
|
placename:-
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Westmoreland
|
|
date:-
|
1724=1726
|
|
period:-
|
18th century, early; 1720s
|
|
|
|
old map:- |
Bowen 1720 (plate 271)
|
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|
Road book, Britannia Depicta Or Ogilby Improv'd,
including road strip maps with sections in Westmorland,
scale about 2 miles to 1 inch, derived from maps by Ogilby,
1675, and a county map of Westmorland, scale about 8 miles
to 1 inch, with text by John Owen, published by Emanuel
Bowen, London, 1720; published 1720-64. |
|
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|
Plate 271 has the county map and descriptive text
of:-
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|
The County of WESTMORLAND is 110 M. in Circumference
contains abt. 510000 Acres, 5 Wards, 8 Mt. & 2 Borough
Towns 26 Pars. & about 6500 Houses. The Air is very
sharp & cold & not subject to Foggs but healthy
& agreable with strong Constitutions; insomuch that it
hardens them against Diseases. The Soil is not very good but
Mountainous & Moory, having several very high Hills. Ye
Northern Parts are best. Its Comod~ & Manufacture is
Cloth, & tho' this County is but barren on ye Hills yet
there are good store of Sheep & ye Valleys are fruitfull
in Corn & produce much Grass near ye Rivers. It pays in
ye [Q|2] Aid L1522-11-10
|
| |
|
|
placename:-
|
Westmorland
|
|
date:-
|
1720
|
|
period:-
|
18th century, early; 1720s
|
|
|
|
descriptive text:- |
Fiennes 1698
|
|
|
Travel book, manuscript record of Journeys through
England including parts of the Lake District, by Celia
Fiennes, 1698. |
|
|
... hereabout [Pooley Bridge?] we leave those desart and
barren rocky hills, not that they are limitted to
Westmorland only, for had I gone farther to the left hand on
into Cumberland I should have found more such and they tell
me farr worse for height and stony-nesse about White haven
side and Cockermouth, so that tho' both the County's have
very good land and fruitfull, so they equally partake of the
bad, tho' indeed Westmorland takes its name from its
abounding in moorish ground yet Cumberland has its share,
and more of the hilly stony part; indeed I did observe those
grounds were usually neighbours to each other, the rocks
abounding in springs which distilling it self on lower
ground if of a spungy soile made it marshy or lakes, and in
many places very fruitfull in summer graine and grasse, but
the northerly winds blow cold so long on them that they
never attempt sowing their land with wheate or rhye.
|
|
date:-
|
1698
|
|
period:-
|
17th century, late
|
|
period:-
|
1690s
|
|
|
|
old map:- |
Morden 1695 (EW)
|
|
|
Maps, Westmorland, scale about 2.5 miles to 1 inch, and
Cumberland, scale about 3 miles to 1 inch, by Robert Morden,
1695. |
|
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goto source.
|
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|
|
WESTMORELAND
|
|
|
county
|
| |
|
|
placename:-
|
Westmoreland
|
|
date:-
|
1695
|
|
period:-
|
17th century, late; 1690s
|
|
|
|
old map:- |
Seller 1694 (Wmd)
|
|
|
Map, Westmorland, now Cumbria, scale about 8 miles to 1
inch, by John Seller, 1694; editions to 1787. |
|
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|
|
WESTMORLAND COUNTY
|
|
|
title in wreath cartouche
|
| |
|
|
placename:-
|
Westmorland County
|
|
county:-
|
Westmorland
|
|
date:-
|
1694
|
|
period:-
|
17th century, late; 1690s
|
|
|
|
old map:- |
Sanson 1679
|
|
|
Map, Ancien Royaume de Northumberland aujourdhuy
Provinces de Nort, ie the Ancient Kingdom of Northumberland
or the Northern Provinces, scale about miles to 1 inch, by
Nicholas Sanson, Paris, France, 1679. |
|
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|
|
|
WESTMORLAND
|
|
|
county; included in the 'Royaume de Northumberland'
|
| |
|
|
placename:-
|
Westmorland
|
|
county:-
|
Westmorland
|
|
date:-
|
1679
|
|
period:-
|
17th century, late; 1670s
|
|
|
|
old map:- |
Jenner 1643
|
|
|
Table of distances and map, Westmerland ie Westmorland,
now Cumbria, scale about 16 miles to 1 inch, by Thomas
Jenner, London, 1643. |
|
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|
|
|
Westmerland
|
| |
|
|
placename:-
|
Westmerland
|
|
date:-
|
1643
|
|
period:-
|
17th century, early; 1640s
|
|
|
|
table of distances:- |
Simons 1635
|
|
|
Table of distances and map of Westmorland, engraved by
Jacob van Langeren, published by Mathew Simons, London,
1635-36. |
|
|
|
|
|
Westmerland
|
|
|
in title cartouche; adjacent counties given on thumbnail
map
|
|
|
Lanca: & Cumb: W / Cumberland N / Yorkshire East / Lanca:
So:
|
| |
|
|
placename:-
|
Westmerland
|
|
date:-
|
1635
|
|
period:-
|
17th century, early; 1630s
|
|
|
|
poem:- |
Drayton 1612/1622 text
|
|
|
Poem, Polyolbion, by Michael Drayton, published 1612,
part 2 with Cumbria published by John Marriott, John
Grismand, and Thomas Dewe, London, 1622. |
|
|
Preceding this page is the map for Westmorland and
Cumberland.
|
|
|
page 161; Westmorland and Cumberland:-
|
|
|
The thirtieth Song.
|
|
|
THE ARGUMENT.
|
| |
|
|
placename:-
|
Westmerland
|
|
date:-
|
1612; 1622
|
|
period:-
|
17th century, early; 1610s; 1620s
|
|
|
|
old map:- |
Speed 1611 (Cum/EW)
|
|
|
Maps, The Countie Westmorland and Kendale the Cheif
Towne, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, and Cumberland and
the Ancient Citie Carlile, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by
John Speed, London, 1611; published 1611-1770. |
|
|
|
|
|
WESTMORLAND
|
|
|
county
|
| |
|
|
placename:-
|
Westmorland
|
|
date:-
|
1611
|
|
period:-
|
17th century, early; 1610s
|
|
|
|
source:- |
Keer 1605
|
|
|
Map, Westmorlandia et Comberlandia, ie Westmorland and
Cumberland now Cumbria, scale about 16 miles to 1 inch,
probably by Pieter van den Keere, or Peter Keer, about 1605;
published about 1605 to 1676. |
|
|
|
|
|
Westmorland
|
|
|
county
|
| |
|
|
placename:-
|
Westmorland
|
|
county:-
|
Westmorland
|
|
|
|
descriptive text:- |
Keer 1605 (edn 1620)
|
|
|
Map, Westmorlandia et Comberlandia, ie Westmorland and
Cumberland now Cumbria, scale about 16 miles to 1 inch,
probably by Pieter van den Keere, or Peter Keer, about 1605;
published about 1605 to 1676. |
|
|
first page:-
|
|
|
WESTMORLAND.
|
|
|
CHAPTER XL.
|
|
|
WESTMORLAND, by some late Latine Writers is called
Westmaria, and Westmorlandia, by some later Westmoria, and
in our English Tongue Westmorland. It came to be thus named
in our language by the situation, which in every part is so
plenteously full of Moores and high hils, reaching one to
another, that Westmorland (with us) is nothing else but a
Westerne moorish Country. Having on the West and North-side
Cumberland, on the South-part Lanca-shire, on the East-side
Yorkeshire, and the Bishopricke of Durham.
|
|
|
(2) The length thereof extended from Burton in her South, to
Kirkland in her North-part is 30. miles: the broadest part
from East to West, is from the River Eden to Dunbal
rase-stones, containing 24 miles, the whole circumference
about 112. miles.
|
|
|
(3) The forme thereof is somewhat long and narrow: the Aire
sharpe and piercing, purging it selfe from the trouble of
grosse foggy mists and vapours, by reason of which the
people of this Province are not acquainted with strange
diseases or imperfections of body, but live long, and are
healthfull, and attaine to the number of many yeares.
|
|
|
(4) The Soile for the most part of it, is but barren, and
can hardly be brought to any fruitfulnesse by the industry
and painfull labour of the husbandman, being so full of
infertile places, which the Northern Englishmen call Moores:
yet the more Southerly part is not reported to be so
sterile, but more fruitfull in the vallies, ...
|
|
|
second page
|
|
|
(5) The ancient Inhabitants of this Country were the
Brigantes, mentioned in the severall Counties of Yorke,
Lancaster, and Cumberland.
|
|
|
(6) It is not commended either for plentie of Corne or
Cattle, being neither stored with arable grounds to bring
forth the one, nor pasturage to breed up the other: the
principall profit that the people of this Province raise
unto themselves, is by cloathing.
|
|
|
fourth page
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
(11) This Province is traded with foure Market-Townes,
fortified with the strength of seven Castles, and hath 26.
Parishes in it for the celebration of Divine Service.
|
| |
|
|
placename:-
|
Westmorland
|
|
other name:-
|
Westmaria
|
|
other name:-
|
Westmorlandia
|
|
other name:-
|
Westmoria
|
|
person:-
|
: Brigantes
|
|
date:-
|
1620
|
|
period:-
|
17th century, early; 1620s
|
|
|
|
source:- |
Lloyd 1573
|
|
|
Map, Angliae Regni, Kingdom of England, with Wales, scale
about 24 miles to 1 inch, authored by Humphrey Lloyd,
Denbigh, Clwyd, drawn and engraved by Abraham Ortelius,
Netherlands, 1573. |
|
|
|
|
|
Westmerland
|
| |
|
|
placename:-
|
Westmerland
|
|
date:-
|
1573
|
|
period:-
|
16th century, late; 1570s
|
|
|
|
descriptive text:- |
Monmouth c1136
|
|
|
Extracts of Cumbrian interest from the History of the
Kings of Britain by Geoffrey of Monmouth, about 1136;
translated by Lewis Thorpe, published by Penguin Books,
London, 1966. |
|
|
Courtesy of Penguin Books
|
|
|
... Octavius, Duke of the Gewissei, led a revolt against a
certain proconsul in whose hands, as a Roman dignitary, the
government of the island had been left. ... Octavius seized
the royal throne. This event was announced to Constantine
and he sent Helen's uncle Trahern with three legions to
restore the island to Roman sovereignty. ... King Octavius
.... reassembled his men in companies, followed Trahern, and
fought him in the province called Westmorland. This time
Octavius was defeated, and fled. When Trahern realized that
victory was his, he pursued Octavius, and gave him no
respite until he had wrested from him his cities and his
crown.
|
|
person:-
|
: Octavius
|
|
person:-
|
: Trahern
|
|
date:-
|
350=449
|
|
period:-
|
4th century; 5th century
|
|
|
|
descriptive text:- |
Monmouth c1136
|
|
|
Courtesy of Penguin Books
|
|
|
Extracts of Cumbrian interest from the History of the
Kings of Britain by Geoffrey of Monmouth, about 1136;
translated by Lewis Thorpe, published by Penguin Books,
London, 1966. |
|
|
Marius, the son of Arvirargus, succeeded ... in the
kingship. He was a man of great prudence and wisdom. A
little later on in his reign a certain King of the Picts
called Sodric came from Scythia with a large fleet and
landed in the northern part of Britain which is called
Albany. He began to ravage Marius' lands. Marius thereupon
collected his men together and marched to meet Sodric. He
fought a number of battles against him and finally killed
him and won a great victory. In token of his triumph Marius
set up a stone in the district, which was afterwards called
Westmorland after him. The inscription carved on it records
his memory down to this very day. ...
|
|
person:-
|
: Marius
|
|
person:-
|
: Sodric
|
|
date:-
|
0=99
|
|
period:-
|
1st century
|
|
|
|
old map:- |
Saxton 1579
|
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Westmorelandia
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placename:-
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Westmorelandia
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date:-
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1576
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period:-
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16th century, late; 1570s
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old map:- |
Cooper 1808
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Map, Westmoreland ie Westmorland, scale about 9 miles to
1 inch, by H Cooper, 1808, published by G and W B Whittaker,
13 Ave Maria Lane, London, 1824. |
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WESTMORELAND / in which is laid down every Parish & Place /
containing upwards of 20 Houses. / Boroughs. ... 1 / Market
Towns. ... 7 / Parishes ... 32 / Inhabited Houses. ... 7,897
/ Inhabitants. ... 41,617 / Acres of Land.. ... 462,080 /
Arable. ... 30,000 / Pasturage. ... 130,000
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title cartouche, etc
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placename:-
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Westmoreland
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county:-
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Westmorland
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date:-
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1808
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period:-
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19th century, early; 1800s
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old map:- |
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Map, hand coloured engraving, wood jigsaw puzzle,
England, scale about 26 miles to 1 inch, by Gall and Inglis,
Bernard Terrace, Edinburgh, and 25 Paternoster Square,
London, cut by E J Peacock, King's Cross, London, 1850s?
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printed on box lid:-
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A / DISSECTED / MAP / OF / ENGLAND / Manufactured by E. J.
PEACOCK, 10 Upper [W house] Street, King's Cross.
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printed on jigsaw
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WESTMORLAND
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placename:-
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Westmorland
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date:-
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1850=1859
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period:-
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19th century, late
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Old Cumbria Gazetteer - JandMN: 2013
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