Old Cumbria Gazetteer - Carlisle: Camden 1789


included in:-	Carlisle
	Carlisle: Camden 1789
evidence:-	old text:- Camden 1789 placename:- Carlisle placename:- Luguvallum placename:- Luguballium placename:- Luguballum placename:- Luell placename:- Leucopibia placename:- Caer Lualid placename:- Duball's City placename:- Carleolum item:- placename, Carlisle; fire, Carlisle; lat and long, Carlisle; roman inscription; inscription, roman
source data:-	Book, Britannia, or A Chorographical Description of the Flourishing Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, by William Camden, 1586, translated from the 1607 Latin edition by Richard Gough, published London, 1789. goto source Page 174:- "..." "Between the confluence of these rivers in the best and by far the most pleaseant spot, stands the very antient city of Carlisle, defended on the north by the Eden, on the east by the Peterill, on the west by the Caude, and besides all these natural fortifications with strong stone walls, a castle, and a citadel, as it is called. It is of a somewhat oblong form running from west to east. On the west is the castle of considerable extent, which, by his arms, appears to have been repaired by Richard III. Almost in the centre of the city rises the cathedral church, whose upper part is of modern erection in a handsome style; but the lower part much older. On the east the citadel built and fortified by king Henry VIII. serves for a defence. The Romans and Britans called this place LUGU-VALLUM and LUGU-BALLIUM, or LUGU-BALLUM, the Saxons, according to Bede Luell. Ptolomy, as some think LEUCOPIBIA, Nennius Caer Lualid, the silly prophecies of the Britons Duball's City, we Carlisle, and modern Latin writers Carleolum. For our historians all agree that Luguballia and Carleolum were the same. In tracing its etymology, what infinite pains have been taken by our countryman Leland, who at last was forced to believe that the Eden was called Lug, and that Ballum comes from vallis, thus making Lugu-vallum, the valley on the Lug. If I may be allowed to offer a conjecture, I should suppose Vallum, and Vallia derived from the well known Roman military Vallum, which runs be- (sic) the city, it being called by Antoninus LUGU-VALLUM AD VALLUM. This Picts wall afterwards erected on the Vallum of Severus is still visible at Stanwicks, a little village, a little beyond the river Eden, over which is now a wooden bridge, and crosses the river overagainst the castle, where in the bed of the river are still remians of it, huge stones. Pomponius Mela tells us, that Lugus or Lucus signified a tower among the antient Celts, who spoke the same language with the Britans. What Antoninus calls LUGU AUGUSTI he names TURRIS AUGUSTI, so that Lugu-vallum is and signifies the tower or fort on the wall. If the French had derived from this source Lugdunum quasi the tower on the hill, and Lucotecia (for so the antients called what we call Lutetia) quasi fair tower, as the words mean in British, they would have perhaps formed a better etymology than that which derives the latter from Lutum (clay), the former from Lugdus, a fabulous king. That this was a place of consequence under the Romans ap-" goto source Page 175:- "[ap]pears plainly from the various evidences of antiquity frequently dug up, and its great renown at that time. Even after the ravages of the Picts and Scots it preserved some of its antient splendour and was accounted a city. For A.D. 619 Egfrid king of Northumberland, gave it to S. Cuthbert in the following words: "I have given also the city called Luguballia with 15 miles around it." At which time it was also walled in. "The townspeople," says Bede, "brought Cuthbert to see the walls of the city, and a fountain in it built in an extraordinary manner by the Romans." That saint, according to the register of Durham, "settled there a congregation of nuns, and appointed an abbess, and founded schools there." It was afterwards greatly ruined by the Danes, and lay buried in its ashes near 200 years, till it began to recover itself under the favour of king William Rufus, who erected new buildings in it, built the castle, and settled a colony first of Flemings (whom he afterwards prudently removed into Wales) and then of the Southern English. "Then," as Malmesbury writes, "was discovered a Roman Salon or Triclinium of stone, arched over, unhurt by time or fire, having in front this inscription: MARII VICTORIAE." Some have supposed this Marius to be Arviragus the Britan: others contend for his being that Marius who was elected emperor in opposition to Gallienus, and is reported by historians to have been so strong, that instead of veins in his fingers he had sinews. I am told, however, that some copies instead of MARII VICTORIAE have MARTI VICTORI, which perhaps may be more approved by other critics and come nearer the truth. Luguballia being now grown populous, had, as we learn from our writers, its own earl or more properly lord, Radulphus Meschines or de Micenis, from whom descended the earls of Chester, and being at the same time advanced by Henry I. to an episcopal see had for its first bishop Athulpus. This the monks of Durham say was prejudicial to their church. "When Ranulphus, say they, bishop of Durham, was banished, and the church had no defender, certain bishops united Carleil and Tividale to their dioceses." How the Scots made themselves masters of this city in the reign of Stephen, and Henry II. recovered it, how Henry III. committed the castle of Carlisle, and the earldom to Robert de Vipont, how A.D. 1292, it was destroyed by fire, together with the cathedral and suburbs, how Robert Brus of Scotland A.D. 1315, beseiged it in vain, and many other particulars are related at large in our histories. It may not, however, be amiss to add two inscriptions which I saw here; the first in the house of Thomas Aglionby near the citadel, but of the more barbarous age:" "DIIS MANIBV S MARCI TROIANI AVGVSTINIANI TVM[] FA CIENDVM CVRAVIT A FEL. AMILLVSIMA CONIVXKARISS" "Near which is also the figure of a horseman in armour with a spear. The other in a larger and fairer character is in the garden of Thomas Middleton:" "LEG. VI. VIC. P. F. G. P. R. F." "which I read Legio Sexta, Victrix, Pia, Felix. The rest I leave to others to explain." "The only earl of Carlisle was Andrew de Harcla, whom king Edward II. to borrow the words of the original record, "for his good and faithful service against Thomas earl of Lancaster and his adherents in subduing the king's enemies and subjects, and bringing them prisonors to the king, invested with the rank and title of earl of Carlisle by girding on his sword." He afterwards traiterously and basely broke his engagements to his country and sovereign, and, being taken, suffered the ignominy due to his treason, "being degraded by having his spurs chopt off with a hatchet, his belt ungirt, his boots and gloves pulled off, and being then drawn, hanged, beheaded and quartered."" "I shall now take my leave of Luguballia (which stands in 20° 31′ of longitude and 54° 55′north latitude), with these lines of J. Johnston in praise of it." "CARLEOLUM Romanis quondam statio tutissima signis, Ultimaque Ausonidum meta labosque ducum, E specula late vicinos prospicit agros, Hinc ciet & pugnas, arcet &inde metus. Gens acri ingenio, studiis asperrima belli, Doctaque bellaci figere tela manu. Scotorum reges quondam tenuere beati; Nunc iterum priscis additur imperiis. Quid, Romane putas extrema hic limina mundi? Mundum retro alium surgere nonne vides? Sit vidisse satis: docuit nam Scotica virtus Immensis animis hic posuisse modum." "CARLISLE Of yore the Roman army's safe retreat, Bound of their conquests and their chieftain's toils, She views the extensive country from her height, Alarms, defends, and seizes on the spoils. Her active sons enur'd to martial feat, And skill'd to hurl the javelin at the foe, She once the Scottish happy monarchs' seat, Now to her former sov'reigns back must go. In vain the Roman boasts that erst he found Earth's limit here. See other worlds arise To mock his distant view. Ambition's bound By Scottish valour fixt unalter'd lies."

evidence:-	old text:- Camden 1789 (Gough Additions) placename:- Carlisle placename:- Cairluell placename:- Lugubalia placename:- Caerleol placename:- Luguvallium item:- placename, Carlisle; town wall; town gate; Anglo Saxon Chronicle; roman inscription; inscription, roman; Bush Inn; Carlisle, burnt; Scots; parliament; War of the Roses; plague; Civil War; seige, Carlisle; coins, Carlisle; 1745 Rebellion; local authority, Carlisle; assizes
source data:-	Book, Britannia, or A Chorographical Description of the Flourishing Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, by William Camden, 1586, translated from the 1607 Latin edition by Richard Gough, published London, 1789. goto source Page 193:- "..." ""The City of Cairluell is in compass scant a mile, and is walled with a right fair strong wall ex lapide quadrato subrufo. In the wall be three gates Bocher or S. Calden or W. and Richard or N. ... The Irishmen call Bale a town, and so peradventure did the old Scots. Thus might be said that Lugubalia soundeth Luel's town. ... In digging to make new buildings in the town often times hath bene and now a late found divers foundations of the old city, as pavements of streets, old arches of doors, coyne, stones squarid, painted pots, money hid in pots so old and muldid that when it was strongly touched it went almost to moulder. The whole site of the town is sore changed, for whereas the streets were the great edifices now be vacant and garden plotts. The cite standeth in the forest of Ynglewood. ... In the fields about Cairluel in plowing hath been found divers Cornelines and other stones, well entailed for seals, and in other places of Cumberland hath been found brickes containing the prints of antique works."" "CARLISLE is very pleasantly situated; the walls in bad repair, and the walks on them ill kept. ... The city has three gates, the French, English, and Scotch; the principal street very spacious has a guard house built by Cromwell. ..." goto source Page 194:- "..." "The first half of Caerleol signifying a city, the other may have some resemblance to Luguvallium, softened into Luol, Leol, and then into Leel, mistaken for the French termination L'isle. Dr. Gale derives it from Lle an army, and Gual the wall, as Lugdunum from Llu and dun a hill, ... The Saxon Chronicle says that Rufus, after placing a garrison here, returned into the south, and sent hither [myccle maenige Eyrhrcen folces mid thisane &othre thaerto thunigene that land sent many men and their women and to thane - Anglo Saxon livestock there to settle and till the land?], which bishop Gibson in his edition of the Chonicle, had translated a great multitude of English, but in his Camden proposes reading [Lyrhrcen - Anglo Saxon], q.d. Husbandmen, as better agreeing with the tillage there mentioned, and all the records ascribe the first improvement of the country to this colony." "The first inscription given here by Mr. Camden is now built up in the back wall of the house at Drawdikes, and was originally brought from Stanwicks. Horsley's copy is most correct, and reads in the 3d line Augustiani a name frequent in Gruter, and in the 5th Aelia Ammilla Lusima. It appears to be of the lower empire, though k for l is common on inscriptions older than any in Britain. The armed horseman is not now on the stone. The other fine and beautiful inscription is in the garden at Naworth." "The copper crescent P.XI. fig.3, 4. was found 1728 in digging a cellar over against the Bush inn in this city, and communicated to Mr. Horsley by Mr. Richard Goodman of that place, who supposed it an ornament or symbol of Isis or a fibula. Mr. Gale explained it to be a part of horse trappings hung at the horse's breast by the ring, and a pendant fixed to it from the hole in the shank." "Andrew de Harcla created earl of Carlisle 15 Edward II. being intoxicated with his sudden elevation, and, out of pique to the Spensers, caballing with the Scots, was executed next year. The title was revived 1362 in the person of Charles great grandson of lord William Howard 3d son of Thomas duke of Norfolk, who by marriage with the heiress of Dacre became possessed of Naworth castle. He died 1686, and was buried at Graystock. He was succeeded by his son Edward, buried at Wickham; he 1692 by his son Charles; he 1738 by his son Henry, and he by his only son Frederick 5th and present earl. The two last earls are buried at Castle Howard in Yorkshire, where Charles the 3d built a noble house and mausoleum, of which see before, p.84." "Carlisle was burned by the Scots in the reign of Henry III. and twice by accident in that of Edward I. A parliament met here 31 Edward I. and what great things they did in opposing the papal extortions, furthering the expedition against Scotland, concluding the marriage of prince Edward with a daughter of France, and other public transactions, our historians abundantly inform us. Edward I. continued here from January to June, when he set out on his expedition against Scotland, and died at Burgh on Sands. Robert Bruce burned this city 9 Edward II. and its earl Andrew de Harcla joining with Bruce was arrested in the castle, and hanged here. It was miserably harrassed in the civil wars between the houses of York and Lancaster, and in vain beseiged by the insurgents under Aske in the reign of Henry VIII. That king is said to have built the citadel, which was repaired by Elizabeth. In 1597 here died of the plague 1196 persons. The city was surrendered to Lesley and the parliament forces after a severe seige, during which 3s. pieces were coined out of the plate of the inhabitants. In 1745 its weak garrison and defenceless state occasioned it to be surrendered to the rebels, by whom it was soon after given up. Great and ample privileges have been granted to this city by our several princes. It is now governed by a mayor, eleven aldermen, two bailiffs, two coroners, 24 common-council, and a recorder. It sends two members to parliament, and the assizes for the county are held here by statute 14 Henry VI. The see was founded by Henry I. a.r. 23. as the priory by him soon after his accession. Philip and Mary granted to the bishop the advowson and collation of all the four prebends. ..." "..."

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