Old Cumbria Gazetteer

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	Antonine Itinerary II, Cumbria
locality:-	Birrens
country:-	Scotland
county:-	Cumbria
locality type:-	roman road
locality type:-	route
locality type:-	antonine itinerary
locality:-	Richborough
county:-	Kent
	CumIter.jpg
	The Antonine Itineraries are not a list of all routes of the period. They appear to be official routes for periodic tours of inspection, visiting particular centres in a planned order.
	The itineries are a manuscript list of 225 routes in the Roman Empire made in the late 2nd or early 3rd century. Three of the routes cross Cumbria, iters 2, 5 and 10. The itineraries list places and the distance of each stage. The accessible lists are medieval copies; these are not completely accurate, neither in placenames nor in distances.
evidence:-	old text:- Camden 1695
source data:-	Itinerary, Antoninus's Itinerary through Britain, published by A Swale, The Unicorn, St Paul's Churchyard, and by A and J Churchil, The Black Swan, Paternoster Row, London, 1695. CAM3It2.jpg Itinerary, Antoninus's Itinerary through Britain, in Camden's Britannia, translated and expanded by Edmund Gibson, published by A Swale, The Unicorn, St Paul's Churchyard, and by A and J Churchil, The Black Swan, Paternoster Row, London, 1695.  item:-  Armitt Library : A6588.4 Image © see bottom of page
notes:-	The route through Cumbria is:-
	place in iter place roman miles statute miles Blatobulgo Birrens, Scotland Castra Exploratorum Netherby 12 14 Luguvallo Carlisle 12 11 Voreda Old Penrith 13 14 Brovonacis Burwens / Kirkby Thore 13 14 Verteris Brough 13 13 Lavatris Bowes, Durham 14 14
	continuing through York, Chester, St Albans, London, Canterbury, to Richborough.
	Jones, Barri &Mattingley, David: 1990: Atlas of Roman Britain: Blackwell, Basil (Oxford, Oxfordshire):: ISBN 0 631 13791 2
place:-	roman fort, Birrens  roman fort, Netherby  Carlisle  roman fort, Old Penrith  roman fort, Burwens  roman fort, Brough  roman fort, Bowes

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