Lakes Guides, topics

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	rivers, Cumbria
county:-	Cumbria
also see:-	floods, Cumbria
	Gills, Becks, etc
	Draining off the rain.
	BPN80.jpg
	Rivers come in all sizes from tumbling gills hidden in the grass and rocks to magnificent rivers draining vast areas of the county. All can be peaceful, if not quiet; all can get up and threaten the land and settlements around them. In Cumbria there is plenty of rain to feed them.
evidence:-	old text:- Gents Mag
source data:-	Magazine, The Gentleman's Magazine or Monthly Intelligencer or Historical Chronicle, published by Edward Cave under the pseudonym Sylvanus Urban, and by other publishers, London, monthly from 1731 to 1922.   goto source Gentleman's Magazine 1819 part 1 p.120  "... I shall conclude ... with Southey's beautiful inscription for a tablet on the bank of a stream:" "'Stranger! awhile upon this grassy bank Recline thee. If the sun ride high, the breeze, That loves to ripple o'er the rivulet, Will play around thy brow, and the cool sound Of running waters sooth thee: Mark how clear It sparkles o'er the shallows, and behold Where o'er its surface wheels with restless speed Yon glossy insect; on the sand below How swift the shadow flies. The stream is pure In solitude, and many a healthful herb Bends o'er its course, and drinks its vital wave; But passing on amidst the haunts of man It finds pollution there, and rolls from thence A tainted tide. Seek'st thou for Happiness! Go Stranger, sojourn in the woodland cot Of Innocence, and thou shalt find her there.'"
	Water Making Patterns
	Distribution of river names
notes:-	Flu?
	On some maps it seems reasonable at first sight to assume that the abbreviations fl or flu, stand for Latin flumen or fluvius or even flumentum, a stream or river. But it could stand for flud, fludde, flude from Old English, from a teutonic rather than romance root. The English word flood is legitimate synonym for river, not necessarily with the expected connotation of a river in flood but just meaning a body of flowing water, perhaps large. Be careful of jumping to the conclusion that fl and flu abbreviate a Latin not the AngloSaxon word. The early 17th century is a stage in our culture when English was becoming more acceptable for serious works, in preference to Latin.
	The flu for fluvius/flud is used for both rivers and lakes. Some examples:-
	Saxton 1576 (Wmd/Cmd)
	"Lune flu."
	"Dudden flu:"
	The stop and colon are both used as an abbreviation marker.
	Speed 1611 (Wmd) &Speed 1611 (Cmd)
	"Wynster flud"
	"Below flu:"
	"Wynander mere flud"
	"Ulles flu"
	"Eden flude"
	"Elne flu"
	"Ulles flu"
	On this map John Speed uses English for his labelled borders, which is perhaps less usual. Notice that flu is expanded to flud or flude.
	Blome 1673 (Wmd)
	"Can flu [Kent]"
	"Ulles flu"
	Nothing is implied about the expansion of the abbreviation.
	Ogilby 1675
	"Cocker Fluv:"
	"Eden Flu:"
	"Lowther Fluvius"
	There is an implication that flu: stands for fluvius.
	Seller 1694 (edn 1787)
	"Dudden flud"
	"flud [labelling Grasmere+Rydal Water]"
	"Lane fl [Lune]"
	.. Notice the implication that fl. is an abbreviation for flud, ie flood? not Latin flumen.
references:-	: (annual): [year] Annual Report on Fisheries in the North West: Environment Agency (or) &National Rivers Authority Fryer, Geoffrey: 1991: Natural History of the Lakes, Tarns and Streams of the English Lake District: Freshwater Biological Association:: ISBN 0 900386 50 9 Hayward, Mike: 1992: Rivers of Cumbria, a Canoeist's Guide: Crdee (Leicester, Leicestershire):: ISBN 1 871890 36 5 Horne, J E M &Horne, D M: 1984: Lake District Waters, an Index and Bibliography of Scientific Research: Freshwater Biological Association:: ISSN 0308 6739 Howell, Barry: 1981 (?): Lake District White Water: Cascade Press (Betws-y-Coed, Gwynedd): vol.1 Watson, John: 1925: English Lake District Fisheries: Foulis, T N (London and Edinburgh)

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