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MAP FEATURES
These notes are biased toward Westmorland and Cumberland interest, and might ignore features in other areas.

title
map maker
publisher
Printed upper right:-
snip from map image
A MAP of SCOTLAND the HEBRIDES and PART of ENGLAND adapted to MR. PENNANT'S Tours
Printed bottom left and centre:-
J. Bayly sculp. / Published 1st. of May 1777 by Benj, White.

orientation
up is N
The map is printed with North at the top of the sheet.

lat and long scales snip from map image
Printed in the borders are scales of latitude and longitude for conical projection; chequered in 10 minute intervals, labelled at degrees. The map includes from about 4d E to 4.5d N, from 52d 50m to 59d 30m N; all of Scotland except the Shetland Isles, and the north part of England down to Derbyshire. Notice that longitude is measured:-
Long. W. from Edinburgh
as stated on the bottom longitude scale.

sea area
sea plain
snip from map image
The sea are is plain. Some sea areas are labelled, eg:-
ITUNA AEST / SOLWAY FIRTH
MORICAMBE AEST [Morecambe Bay, not in the Solway]

coast line
coast shaded
coast tinted
foreshore
sands
snip from map image
The coast line is emphasised by shading and tinted blue.
Foreshore sands are indicated by dotted areas, for example the Lancashire Sands, Leven Sands, etc.

rivers Some rivers are drawn by a wiggle line tapering upstream. A few rivers are labelled, eg:-
snip from map image
Lune or Lone R
Petterell R [labelling the River Eden]

lakes snip from map image
Three of the larger lakes are drawn by an outline with a shaded shore. Other lakes are hinted at at the top of some rivers. Two lakes are labelled:-
Congleton Mere [Coniston Water]
Winander Mere
Other lakes might be recognised, with less certainty, eg:-
Derwent Water
Ennerdale Water
Kentmere Tarn
Ullswater

country snip from map image
The country boundary is a dotted line. Each country has a yellow tint along the inside of its border and coast line.
The area of northern England is labelled:-
MAXIMA CAESARIENSIS
which is usually used for the roman province around London.

county snip from map image
The county boundaries are a dotted line. The county areas are labelled, eg:-
WESTMORELAND
CUMBERLAND

settlements Settlements are marked by a circle, perhaps with vestigial added elements, differentiated by style of labelling, perhaps with roman placenames. The map's title suggests that places of antiquarian interest to Thomas Pennant have been chosen. The distinction into city, town, village, is not very meaningful for this map; it would be helpful to read Thomas Pennant's description of the map, if there is one.
  capital circle; labelled in upright block caps.
  cities
  towns
circle, possibly with added elements; labelled in italic block caps, eg:-
snip from map image
LUGUVALLUM / CARLISLE
CALACUM / APPELBY
  towns circle; labelled in upright lowercase text, eg:-
snip from map image
BROVACUM / Brougham
Cockermouth
Whitehaven
  towns
  villages
circle; labelled in italic lowercase text, eg:-
snip from map image
CONCANGIUM / Kendal
Kirkby Lonsdale
Moresby
VOREDA / Penrith

miscellaneous

antiquities
roman sites
roman wall
roman forts
snip from map image
Hadrian's Wall is marked by a double line from Bowness on Solway, north of Carlisle, then north-east and east across the country. At intervals a square symbol is marked, labelled with the name of a roman fort, eg:-
Congavata
Roman Placenames
The following roman placenames are found in the Cumbria area (reduced to lowercase):-
Aballaba [square symbol, on the Wall, about Newtown]
Amboglana [square symbol, on the Wall, about Castlesteads]
Aplatorium / Beaucastle [Bewcastle]
Axelodunum [square symbol, on the Wall, about Burgh by Sands]
Brovacum / Brougham
Calacum / Appelby [Appleby]
Concangium / Kendal
Congavata [square symbol, on the Wall, about Carlisle]
Dictis / Ambleside
Gabrosentrum [square symbol, on the Wall, about Drumburgh]
Ituna Aest. / Solway Firth
Luguvallium / Carlisle
Moricambe Aest. [Morecambe Bay]
Olenacum / O. Carlisle [Old Carlisle]
Petriona [square symbol, on the Wall, about Walton]
Tunnocelum [square symbol, on the Wall, about Bowness on Solway]
Virosidum / Wigton (?)
Voreda / Penrith
Verterae / Brough
The placenames do NOT all match the more reliable identifications in:-
Rivet, A L F & Smith, Colin: 1979: Place-Names of Roman Britain: Batsford (London)
Jones, Barri & Mattingly, David: 1990: Atlas of Roman Britain: Blackwell, Basil (Oxford, Oxfordshire)
The data should not be used for the Old Cumbria Gazetteer without further research.


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