Morden 1708

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		MAP FEATURES
	title map maker	Printed in a scroll cartouche, upper left of one sheet is:- WESTMORLAND By Robt. Morden. on the other sheet in a wreath cartouche, lower right:- CUMBERLAND By Robt. Morden
	orientation compass rose up is N	The Westmorland map has a compass rose printed right below centre; circle, lines for cardinal directions, North marked by a fleur de lys, East marked by a cross. Cumberland has a similar compass rose lower left. Each map is printed at the same orientation, with NbyE at the top of the sheet, roughly aligned with the meridians of longitude indicated by the scales in the map borders.
	scale scale lines	Printed lower left on the Westmorland map are three scales labelled:- A Scale of 5 Miles The 5 miles = 27.6, 25.1 and 23.5 mm give an average map scale 1 to 316800 assuming a statute mile. The map scale is about:- 1 to 320000 5 miles to 1 inch Cumberland has three scale lines lower right. A Scale of 10 Miles The 10 miles = 37.1, 33.9 and 31.2 mm give an average map scale 1 to 472410 assuming a statute mile. The map scale is about:- 1 to 470000 7.5 miles to 1 inch
	lat and long scales	Printed in the map borders are scales of latitude and longitude for a slanted rectangular projection. Westmorland has the latitude scales chequered in minutes, labelled in 5 minute intervals; the bottom longitude scale is chequered in 5s labelled in 10s; the top longitude scale is labelled:- Minuts of Time divided and labelled in roman figures at minutes. Cumberland's latitude scale is chequered in 2s labelled in 10s; the bottom longitude scale is chequered in 3 minutes intervals, labelled at 15s; the top longitude scale is time, chequered in 20 seconds, labelled in roman figures at minutes. Be careful lining up top and bottom scales as the scale marks are not slanted correctly, keep in mind that 1d longitude is 4 minutes time. From the scales the longitude, Kendal = 2d 26m W This suggests a prime meridian 19 minutes West of Greenwich: unlikely?
	sea area sea plain	The sea areas is plain, labelled on the Cumberland sheet:- THE BRITISH OCEAN other sea areas, eg:- Solway Firth Itunae Bay Moricambo
	coast line coast shaded foreshore headlands	The coast line is emphasized by shading. On the Cumberland sheet some foreshore sands are outlined by a dotted line. One headland is noticed:- S. Bees Head
	rivers bridges	Rivers are drawn by a wiggly line tapering upstream. Some rivers are labelled, eg:- Wiza R Wampul Hunna R [Eden] Bridges are not always implied where a road crosses a stream. Some bridges might be marked by a double line crossing and interrupting a stream, separate from the slight road network, for example, west of Burneside. At the north of Thirlmere the double line symbol is drawn as well as the road it serves. A few bridges are labelled, eg:- Levens bridg Burrow Bridg New Bridg [clearly marked at Newby Bridge]
	lakes	Lakes are drawn in outline, on the Westmorland map the shore is shaded, on Cumberland the whole area is shaded. As with many early maps the size and shapes of lakes and their connections with streams is not to be relied on. Some lakes are labelled:- Broadwater [Hawes Water] Brodwater [Ennerdale Water] Hawswater [Hayes Water] Thurlemire Ulles R [Ullswater] Wynandermere / Winander Mere Other lakes or tarns might be recognized, eg:- Bassenthwaite Lake Bleaberry Tarn [enlarged] Brothers water Burnmoor Tarn (?) Buttermere lake Coniston Water Crummock Water Derwent Water Devoke Water Easedale Tarn (?) Esthwaite Water Grasmere lake Kentmere Tarn Loweswater lake Rydal Water Wast Water The same lakes might be drawn a little differently on the two sheets; for example, see Grasmere and Rydal as two on Westmorland, but as one on Cumberland.
	relief hillocks	Relief is indicated by hillocks shaded to the east. These are clustered on the Westmorland sheet so that the Eden Valley is obvious between the Lakes and the Pennines, but the hills of the central Lakes are no bigger than those south of Kendal. Few hills are labelled, eg:- Knothill [Farleton Knot] Morvill Hill [Hugh Seat] In Cumberland there are very few hills; some are drawn larger and labelled, eg:- Skiddow hill Hardknot Wrynose but there is no hint of the central mountains.
	beacons	A hillock with a flag symbol, post and line, is labelled:- Mewton B. on Moota Hill.
	forests	Woodland is not indicated but some forests are labelled, eg:- Thornthwate Forrest
	parks	Parks are drawn by a ring of fence palings, whose name might be implied by a house name, eg:- Grastock C. [Greystoke Castle in Greystoke Park]
	county	The county boundaries are a dotted line which is carried on alongside a boundary feature such as a river. Notice, on the Westmorland sheet, that the boundary runs through Ullswater as it does now (did till 1974) and puts the whole of Windermere in the county. Adjacent counties are labelled, eg:- PART OF CUMBERLAND on one sheet, and:- PART OF WESTMORLAND on the other. As well as other counties. Some topography is drawn outwith each county for continuity.
	wards table of wards	The Westmorland map does not show wards. On the Cumberland sheet the ward boundaries are a dashed line, the ward areas labelled by a letter which keys to a table printed upper left:- The Names of ye Divisions A. Cumberland B. North Allerdale C. South Allerdale D. Leath Ward E. Eshdale Ward
	settlements	Settlements are marked by a circle with added elements, further differentiated by style of labelling.
	cities	circle with buildings and tower and a cross; labelled in upright block caps:- CARLILE The settlement is cluttered by the engraving of roads, roman wall, rivers, but it is possible to two stars attached presumably indicating it sends two members to Parliament. The cross is presumably for the cathedral.
	towns	circle, buildings and tower; labelled in upright lowercase text. eg:- Kendall Appleby Penreth Cokermouth Cockermouth and Appleby have a star to indicate they each return one member to Parliament.
	villages   hamlets	circle; labelled in italic lowercase text, eg:- Natland Rosgill Strickland pa [Parva, Little] Langanby [Langwathby] Uldale A settlement might have a cross on the circle indicating an important church/abbey as at Seaton and Holme Coultram.
	castles	circle with a vestigial flag, a post with a line to the side, eg:- Millum C. The convention seems to work on Cumberland sheets but not Westmorland.
	roads	A few roads are drawn by double and single lines for more and less important routes The roads shown are more than just the John Ogilby routes used by early maps of Robert Morden. Some routes are labelled at the county boundary with their destination, eg:- to Dallerston Bridg to Carlile and there are some road names, eg:- Maiden Way the Military Way Also see:- MD13Twn.txt
	miscellaneous
	mines lead mines copper mines	A label by the side of Derwent Water, south of Keswick, is:- The Mines Royal who were based on one of the islands in the lake and had a smelter on the east side of the town. At Caldbeck are:- The Mines and in the fells north of Murton:- Lead Mine
	antiquities battle sites tents	A simple tent is drawn, labelled:- Sollom moss for the Battle of Solway Moss.
	antiquities roman wall	Hadrian's Wall is drawn as a crenellated wall from Bowness-on-Solway through Carlisle, then NE and east into Northumberland, labelled:- The Picts Wall
	antiquities roman roads	Drawn by a double line north from Kirkby Thore is:- Maiden Way
	antiquities roman forts	A symbol NE of Ireby is labelled:- Castra Explor~
	stones	Two small pillars on the county boundary are labelled:- Dunbalrase Stones
	crosses	On the county boundary SE of Kirkby Stephen is:- Holomil Cross On Stainmore:- Burgh Cross And Rear Cross is marked by a pointed pillar across the boundary, labelled just:- Rear

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