Mercator 1595

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		Map Features
	title cartouche	Printed in a title cartouche, upper left, N sheet:- NORTH- / UMBRIA, CUM- / BERLANDIA, ET / DUNELMENSIS / Episcopa: / tus. In a title cartouche on the left, S sheet:- WEST: / MORLANDIA, LAN: / CASTRIA, CESTRIA, / CAERNARVAN, DENBIGH, / FLINT, MERIONIDH, / MONTGOMERY, SA: / LOPIA / Cum insulis / MANIA ET AN: / GLESEY. Printed on each, lower:- Per Gerardum Mercatorem / Cum Privilegio
	orientation labelled borders	The maps borders are labelled, in Latin:- Septentrio / Oriens / Meridies / Occidens The map is printed with North at the top of the sheet.
	scale line scale	The N map has a scale line below the title cartouche, upper left, labelled:- Miliaria mediocria Angliae. Middling English miles. The scale line of 20 miles = 80.2 mm gives a map scale 1 to 401333 wrongly assuming a statute mile. The N map scale is about:- 1 to 400000 6.5 miles to 1 inch The similar scale line on the S sheet is 20 miles = 48.2 mm giving a map scale 1 to 667778 wrongly assuming a statute mile. The S map scale is about:- 1 to 670000 10.5 miles to 1 inch
	lat and long scales	In the map borders are scales of latitude and longitude for a rectangular projection; chequered in minutes, labelled at 10 minute intervals. The longitude reads from a prime meridian in the West. Reading from the scales the longitude, Carlisle = 17d 15m E this suggests a prime meridian 20 degrees west of Greenwich, somewhere about the Canary Islands or the Azores.
	sea area sea wave effect swash lettering	The sea area is engraved with patches of curved shading that interlock to give an impression of waves. The Irish Sea is labelled in swash lettering:- MARE HIBERNICUM also labelled is:- Solway Fryth
	coast line coast shaded foreshore	The coast line is emphasized by shading, and tinted blue. Foreshore sands are indicated by areas of dotting in the Solway Firth and all round Morecambe Bay.
	rivers bridges	Rivers are drawn by a double line, perhaps with stream lines. Some rivers are labelled, eg:- Lune flu. Eden flu. Trout bek Some bridges are marked by a double line crossing and interrupting a stream. For example at Kirkby Lonsdale.
	lakes	Lakes are drawn by an outline with shading to emphasize the shore line. Some lakes are labelled:- Uls Water Winander mere Other lakes might be recognized, eg:- Bassenthwaite Lake Brothers Water Burnmoor Tarn Buttermere lake Coniston Water Crummock Water Derwent Water Devoke Water Ennerdale Water Grasmere lake Loweswater lake Thirlmere Wast Water
	relief hillocks	Relief is indicated by hillocks, shaded to the east. These are grouped somewhat, to show a mountainous lakeland region and the Pennines, and, by absence, the Eden Valley, etc. Some hillocks are larger, more knobbly; some hillocks might be labelled, eg:- Helvillon hill Wrenose hill [with stones on top]
	woods forests	Large tree symbols indicate woodland. Some groups of trees are labelled as forests, eg:- West Warde forest Copeland forest
	county	County boundaries are a dotted line. On the maps studied the boundary is emphasized by a tint for each county: (N sheet) Cumberland yellow, Westmorland green, Northumberland red, Durham Green, Yorkshire red; (S sheet) Cumberland yellow, Westmorland green, Durham green, Yorkshire red, Lancashire N of the sands orange, Lancashire yellow. The example of the S sheet studied has each county tinted with a pale wash of the colour. County areas are labelled, eg:- WESTMORLANDIA CUMBERLANDIA LANCASTRIA
	settlements	Settlements are marked by a circle with added elements, but not differentiated by style of labelling.
	cities	circle, buildings and towers, one with a cross; labelled in lowercase italic text, eg:- Carlysle tinted red.
	towns	circle, buildings and towers, or just towers ; labelled in lowercase italic text, eg:- Applebye Kendall Penreathe
		tinted red.
	villages   hamlets	circle; labelled in lowercase italic text, eg:- Gresmere Cumrew Orton Barton Some circles have a short line attached, which seems to lead to its label.
	castles	circle, tower or two towers; labelled in lowercase italic text, eg:- Pendragon ca. Daker ca.
	miscellaneous
	antiquities roman wall	Hadrian's Wall is marked by a dotted line and fence palings, tinted brown, running from Boulness, through Carlysle, then north and east across Northumberland. It is labelled:- Murus Picticus
	mines	What could be taken for an adit entrance on the side of a hillock marks a mine in the Caldbeck Fells, labelled:- The Mynes
	stones	The Three Shire Stones are marked on Wrenose hil.

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