Hall 1833

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		MAP FEATURES
	title cartouche plain cartouche map maker engraver publisher	Printed in a plain title cartouche, upper left:- WESTMORELAND. under which is:- ENGRAVED BY S. HALL. Printed at the bottom:- London. Published by Chapman & Hall 193 Piccadilly.
	orientation north point up is N	Printed upper right is a north point; N-S line, North marked by an arrowhead, E-S line. The map is printed with North at the top of the sheet.
	scale line scale	Printed lower left is a scale of:- English Miles. chequered at 1 mile intervals, labelled at 2 mile intervals. The 10 miles = 49.1 mm gives a scale 1 to 327769 assuming a statute mile. The map scale is about:- 1 to 330000 5 miles to 1 inch
	lat and long lat and long scales	Printed in the map borders are scale of latitude and longitude for a rectangular projection; chequered at 2 minute intervals, labelled at 10 minute intervals. The bottom scale is labelled:- Longitude West from Greenwich The map includes from 2d 4m to 3d 14m West, from 54d 0m to 54d 32m North; all of Westmorland.
	coast line coast shaded	The coast line is emphasised by shading.
	rivers	Rivers are drawn by wiggly line tapering upstream. A few Rivers are labelled, eg:- R. Loyn [Lune, elsewhere labelled Lune] Lowther R. Crowdundle Back R. Mint Bridges are not noticed, but are implied where a road crosses and interrupts a stream.
	relief hill hachuring	Relief is indicated by hill hachuring which, in its limited way, gives an impression of the massifs of the central fells and the Pennines, and the broad valleys of the Eden and Kent. Some hills are labelled, eg:- Shap Fells Barbon Beacon Helvellin Whitbarrow Scar And some valleys are labelled, eg:- Mardale Patterdale Borrow Dale
	lakes	Lakes are drawn in outline and shaded, Larger lakes are labelled:- Ulles Water Winander Mere Grasmere L. Hawes Water Reservoir [Killington] Elter water Kentmere tarn [not shaded] and some smaller lakes can be recognised, eg:- Rydal Water Brothers water
	forests	Woodland is not indicated, but some forests are labelled, eg:- Milbourn Forest Lune Forest
	parks	Some parks are drawn in outline with fence palings, the interior dotted. They might be labelled by name or the name of a house, eg:- Sizerb Ha. Levens Pa. Dallam Tower Storrs Hall On the map studied the parks are tinted green.
	county	The county boundary is a dashed line. On the map studied the boundary is emphasised by yellow tint. Adjacent counties are labelled, eg:- LANCASHIRE CUMBERLAND A few features are included outwith the county for the sake of continuity, for example Penrith and Sedbergh and the roads to them. Notice the:- County Stone labelled at the meet of 3 boundaries; Westmorland, Lancashire and Yorkshire, in the south east.
	wards table of wards	Wards are comparable to hundreds. The ward boundaries are a fine dotted line. Ward areas are labelled by number keyed to a table of wards printed lower right:- REFERENCE to the WARDS. East Ward ... 1 West Ward ... 2 Kendal Ward ... 3 Lonsdale Ward ... 4 There is a partial boundary around Kendal, a circle and dash line, indicating a special area.
	settlements distances from London	Settlements are marked by a block or blocks, differentiated by style of labelling.
	towns	group of blocks; labelled in upright lowercase text, eg:- Appleby / 270 Shap Ambleside / 278 An exception is labelled in italic block caps:- KENDAL / 262 perhaps as the most important town. A note printed lower right declares:- The Figures prefixed to the Towns denote the distance from London.
	villages   hamlets	a block or blocks; labelled in italic lowercase text, eg:- Mansergh Underbarrow Askham The style of lettering is used generally for features on the map, including single houses - not necessarily great houses, eg:- Gill Stone [Kilnstones in Longsleddale] Notice:- Dale End shown as a settlement, 3 blocks either side of the road.
	roads	A network of roads, or rather routes, is drawn by double lines, in two widths. The broader roads, drawn with light bold lines, are probably turnpike roads. the narrower roads are probably no more than tracks, some rough, for instance the routes over Nan Bield and Gatescarth passes to Mardale. Some road destinations outwith the county are given, eg:- to Barnard Castle from Keswick A few roads are continued out to places beyond the border of the county.
	railways	Railways are drawn by a bold line, with some stations, outside towns, marked by a cross line. Some railways are labelled. A couple of lines are drawn by a double line with cross ties, perhaps indicating they are planned or in progress of building. It is clear from the engraving, which interfere with existing placename labels and features, that the railways are later additions to the plate.
	Lancaster and Carlisle Railway	Authorised 1844; opened 1846; labelled:- Carlisle and Lancaster Railway Bold line.
	Kendal and Windermere Railway	Authorised 1845; opened 1847. Bold line; runs to lake shore.
	Ambleside branch railway	Double line with cross ties; it is possible to seel how earlier engraving of the line as a continuation of the Kendal and Windermere branch has been altered. This railway never happened.
	Ulverstone and Lancaster Railway	Authorised 1854, opened? Bold line.
	Low Gill and Ingleton Railway	Opened 1859; labelled:- Nth. Western Ry. Bold line.
	South Durham and Lancashire Union Railway	Authorised 1857; opened 1861; labelled:- Northern Counties Union Railway Bold line; an alternative route is shown near Tebay, double line with cross ties.
	Eden Valley Railway	Authorised 1858; opened 1862. Bold line; ends at Kirkby Stephen.
	Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway	Authorised 1845; opened 1864-65. Bold line; only a short part near Penrith is drawn.
	Settle and Carlisle Railway	Authorised 1866, opened 1876. Double line with cross ties. Only the Mallerstang Valley part is shown; but this might be a planned extension of the Eden Valley railway?
		The Arnside to Hincaster branch is not shown, nor the northern part of the Settle and Carlisle railway, both opened 1876. Leaving aside the Ambleside branch the railways shown suggest a date for the map after 1858 before 1876, the edition of the atlas 1873 is a good fit. I do not know what early dreams there were for an extended railway to Ambleside, dreams before the suggested date of the map.
	canals	Canals are drawn by a triple line, light bold light. The canal shown is:-
	Lancaster Canal	from the south up to Kendal. The reservoir shown at Killington feeds water to this canal.
	miscellaneous
	beacons	A hill on the Yorkshire border is labelled:- Barbon Beacon
	peat mosses	An area around Ulpha on the east bank of the Kent Estuary is labelled:- Peat Mosses

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