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MAP FEATURES

title
map maker
engraver
snip from map image
Printed lower right:-
A MAP of WESTMORELAND from the best AUTHORITIES. Engraved by J. Cary.

orientation
compass rose
up is N
snip from map image
Printed upper left is a compass rose; no circle, star points for cardinal and half cardinal directions, North marked by a fleur de lys, East marked by an indeterminate symbol. The map is printed with North at the top of the sheet.

scale line
scale
Printed lower left is a:-
snip from map image
Scale of Statute Miles 69 1/4 to a Degree of Latitude.
chequered and labelled in miles. The 8 miles = 84.2 mm gives a scale 1 to 152725. The map scale is about:-
1 to 150000
2.5 miles to 1 inch

lat and long
lat and long scales
snip from map image
Printed in the map borders are scales of latitude and longitude for a rectangular projection; chequered at 1 minute intervals, labelled at 5 minute intervals. The bottom scale is labelled:-
Longitude West from London
From the scales the
longitude, Kendal = 2d 45m W
suggesting a prime meridian at Greenwich. The map includes from 2d 6m to 3d 13m W, from 54d 11m to 54d 43m N; the whole of Westmorland.

sea area
sea plain
The small amount of sea area shown in the Kent Estuary is plain.

coast line
coast form lines
snip from map image
The coast line of the Kent Estuary is emphasised by form lines.

rivers
bridges
ferries
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The lower reaches of rivers are drawn by double lines with form lines, which narrow to a single wiggly line tapering upstream. Major rivers with lots of tributaries are shown. Judging from the one area I know well. Longsleddale, the tributaries shown do not all match streams today. Rivers are nor particularly well labelled, but see:-
Kent River
Emont River
Eden River
Bridges are implied where a road crosses and interrupts a stream. A number of bridges are labelled, eg:-
snip from map image
Nether Br [Kendal]
Haws Br. [near Natland]
Mint Br [Kendal]
L. Burrow Bridge
Emont Br.
Roads approach the lake on two peninsulas into Windermere, labelled:-
snip from map image
Ferry
Road distances from Kendal demonstrate the continuity of the route; 8 on one side, 9 in the lake, 10 on the further shore.

lakes snip from map image
Lakes are drawn in outline with form lines, and may be labelled:-
Blea Tarn [Langdale]
Bletharn Tarn [Blelham Tarn]
Broader Water [Brothers Water]
Easted Water [Esthwaite Water]
Elter Water
Halls Water [Haweswater]
Mazon Waith [Sunbiggin Tarn]
Skegales Water [Skeggles Water]
Tarn [Kentmere Tarn]
ULLES WATER
Winander Mere
And other lakes and tarns might be recognised:-
Angle Tarn [?]
Cunswick Tarn
Cow Green Tarn [? before it was a reservoir]
Easedale Tarn
Fisher Tarn
Grasmere
Hayeswater
Loughrigg Tarn
Out Dubs Tarn
Rydal Water
Stickle Tarn
Terrybank Tarn [?]
Whinfell Tarn
[decoy pond, Lowther][twice?]

relief
hill hachuring
Relief is indicated by hill hachuring, the usual patchy marking of hills here and there. A number of hills are labelled, eg:-
snip from map image
Helvelein
Farlton Knot
Underbarrow Scar
Loughrigg Fell
SHAP FELLS
Some valleys are labelled, eg:-
Swindale
Grysdale
And, although not always drawn as a pass, a pass might be labelled, eg:-
Kirkstone
Nan Bield
The latter having a pillar or rock symbol.

beacons A hill north of Grayrigg is labelled:-
Beacon
with nearby label:-
Whinny
Presumably Whinfell Beacon. Another hill is:-
Barbon Beacon

woods
forests
trees
Some woodland areas are indicated by tree symbols, for example on the east shore of Windermere. Some forests are labelled, eg:-
WHINFELL FOREST
Martin Dale Forest
and a few woods, eg:-
Flake Bridge Wood [by Appleby]
Labelled by a group of trees near Cliburn is:-
snip from map image
3 Brothers Tree

parks Parks are drawn in outline with fence palings, the interior filled with trees. A park might be labelled, or named by a great house, eg:-
snip from map image
Levens Park
Lowther [the church and castle shown]
Wharton Park

county snip from map image
The county boundary is a dashed line, carried through lakes, alongside rivers, etc. Adjacent counties are labelled, eg:-
CUMBERLAND
Various features are shown outwith the county for continuity, as: the road on the Cumberland shore of Ullswater; Penrith; the area around Hawkshead; etc. Notice that part of Yorkshire, Sedbergh northward, is included in Westmorland by this map, the boundary following up the Rawthey instead of the Lune. The boundary between Lancashire and Yorkshire is not shown.
An area on Stainmoor, north of the road to Barnard Castle, is enclosed by a dotted line and labelled:-
Disputed Bounds
There is a similar area further north in the Lune Forest, but not labelled.

wards
table of wards
snip from map image
Wards, comparable to hundreds, are bounded by a fine dotted line. The ward areas are labelled by number keying to a table printed lower left:-
REFERENCES to the WARDS.
1. East Ward
2. West Ward
3. Kendal Ward
4. Lonsdale Ward

settlements
street plan
electoral data
Settlements are marked by blocks, perhaps with a church symbol, differentiated by style of labelling.
  towns blocks; perhaps arranged on a street plan, perhaps a church symbol; labelled in upright block caps, eg:-
snip from map image
KENDAL
BURTON in Kendal
BOWNES [Windermere]
SHAP
Appleby has two stars indicating it returns two members to Parliament.
  villages blocks, perhaps on a street, and a church symbol; labelled in upright lowercase text, eg:-
snip from map image
Bampton
Orton
Also notice that whole areas are labelled in this style, eg:-
Sellside
Docker
Crook
Without a detail analysis the judgement is unsound, but it seems that John cary was appreciated that there were non-nucleated settlements, which are difficult to plot and label. Notice also the lone chapels shown on the map.
  hamlets block or blocks; labelled in italic lowercase text, eg:-
snip from map image
Great Strickland
Natland
  houses block, or a drawing of a house; labelled in italic lowercase text, eg:-
Ewbarrow Hall [drawing of house with tower, Longsleddale]
Ingshole [block, Tillshole, Longsleddale]
Marthwaite [block, Longsleddale]
snip from map image
Levens Hall [building with two towers]
  chapels A lone chapel might be marked by a church symbol, labelled as:-
Chap
Chapel
Outside Sedbergh there is:-
Quaker M.
M for Meeting, this is at Brigflatts Meeting House.

roads
turnpike roads
road distances
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A network of roads is drawn by double line, solid or dotted for fenced and unfenced margins. Roads are graded, narrower for lesser roads, broader for greater roads which mostly have light bold lines, a common indicator of a turnpike. At Town Head, north of Grasmere on the road to Keswick, is labelled:-
Toll Gate
and there is another 3 miles west of Kendal on the road to Bowland Bridge etc.
Distances are given in figures beside the road each mile from town to town. For example from Ambleside north are 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, ... the last just past the toll bar. This series of numbers is counted from Kendal via Staveley, Troutbeck Bridge, etc - Windermere doesn't exist at the time of this map.
Some road destinations are labelled at county boundaries, eg:-
From Whitehaven
From Lancaster
To Barnard Castle

miscellaneous

mills
water mills
paper mills
Mills seem to be marked in at least three different ways. A circle with rays, representing a mill wheel, is used beside the stream, eg:-
snip from map image
Mill [on Mint NNE of Kendal]
Holm Mill [N of Burton]
New Mill [N of Burton]
A circle without rays, eg:-
Paper Mill [tiny stream N of Kendal]
A block, eg:-
Facet Mill [NE of Tebay]

mines
lead mines
By Dufton Fell there are three circles labelled:-
Lead Mines

mines
coal mines
A circle S of Stainmoor Forest, at the end of Brownbin Fell is labelled:-
snip from map image
Coal Pits
and a circle in Lune Forest, 4m NE of Brough is:-
Leacet Colliery

inns A [very] few inns are noticed, eg:-
Punch Bowl [2m E of Brough]

pillars A drawing of a pillar (or standing stone, or ...) north east of Dufton is labelled:-
snip from map image
Eagles Ch[ ]
and another on the south east boundary is:-
Lady's Pillar

antiquities
earthworks
At Mayburgh there is label:-
Druids Temple
and nearby, perhaps marked by a circle:-
K. Arthurs Round Table

antiquities
roman sites
roman forts
Across the road to Barnard Castle, at the county boundary, is:-
snip from map image
A Roman Camp
marked by a plan of the walls.
An outline of a small fort with corner turrets? on the same road, 23 1/2 from Barnard Castle, is labelled:-
Maiden Castle

antiquities
roman sites
Roman placenames are mostly not noticed, but see:-
Gallatum
north of Bolton by the Eden.


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