Old Cumbria Gazetteer

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	Scafell Pike, Eskdale
	Scafell Pike
civil parish:-	Eskdale (formerly Cumberland)
county:-	Cumbria
locality type:-	hill
coordinates:-	NY21550722
1Km square:-	NY2107
10Km square:-	NY20
altitude:-	3205 feet
altitude:-	977m
	BTR12.jpg  Slight Side, Sca Fell, Scafell Pikes, from Hard Knott (taken 11.10.2010)   BMB38.jpg (taken 11.5.2006)
evidence:-	old map:- OS County Series (Cmd 74 16)  placename:-  Scafell Pikes
source data:-	Maps, County Series maps of Great Britain, scales 6 and 25 inches to 1 mile, published by the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, from about 1863 to 1948.
evidence:-	descriptive text:- West 1778 (11th edn 1821)  placename:-  Scafell
source data:-	Guide book, A Guide to the Lakes, by Thomas West, published by William Pennington, Kendal, Cumbria once Westmorland, and in London, 1778 to 1821.   goto source Page 190:-  "A TABLE OF THE Height of Mountains and Lakes SEEN IN THIS TOUR, ... TAKEN FROM THE LEVEL OF THE SEA. ... by Mr. John Dalton." "Scafell, north point E. of Wast-water ... 1080 [yards]" "..." "From this survey of mountains it appears that Scafell is the highest in England, yet below the point of permanent snow. ..." "... no mountain in England touches the zone of barrenness that intervenes between this region and the limits of vegetation."
evidence:-	old map:- Otley 1818 placename:-  Pikes
source data:-	Map, uncoloured engraving, The District of the Lakes, Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, by Jonathan Otley, 1818, engraved by J and G Menzies, Edinburgh, Scotland, published by Jonathan Otley, Keswick, Cumberland, et al, 1833. OT02NY20.jpg "PIKES" item:-  JandMN : 48.1 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	old print:- Fielding and Walton 1821 (plate 29)
source data:-	Print, coloured aquatint, Wast Water, Nether Wasdale, Cumberland, drawn by Theodore H A Fielding, published by R Ackermann, 101 Strand, London, 1821.   click to enlarge FW0129.jpg Scafell Pike, Mickledore, and Sca Fell in the background.  Tipped in opposite p.196 in A Picturesque Tour of the English Lakes.  item:-  Dove Cottage : 1993.R566.29 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Otley 1823 (4th edn 1830)  placename:-  Scawfell Pike
source data:-	Print, engraving, outline view, Some of the Western Mountains as seen from Helvellyn, published by Jonathan Otley, Keswick, Cumberland et al, 1830.   click to enlarge O75E02.jpg p.57 in A Concise Description of the English Lakes, by Jonathan Otley, 4th edition, 1830.  "Some of the Western Mountains: / as seen from Helvellyn." "Wetherlam / Old Man - Coniston Fell / Carrs, or Scars / Gray Friar / Black Combe / Crinkle Crags / Bowfell / Scawfell Pike / Great-end Crag / Glaramara / Great Gable / Kirkfell / Pillar Fell / Honister and High Crag / High Stile / Dalehead and Red Pike / Robinson / Blake Fell / Witeless Pike / Grasmoor / Ill Crags / Grisedale Pike" item:-  Armitt Library : A1175.3 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Otley 1823 (4th edn 1830)  placename:-  Scawfell Pike
source data:-	Print, engraving, outline view, Mountains of Coniston, Langdale, &c. as they appear from the road between Troutbeck Bridge and Bowness, published by Jonathan Otley, Keswick, Cumberland et al, 1830.   click to enlarge O75E04.jpg p.97 in A Concise Description of the English Lakes, by Jonathan Otley, 4th edition, 1830.  "The Mountains of Coniston, Langdale, &c. / as they appear from the road between Troutbeck Bridge and Bowness." "Old Man - Coniston Fell / The Carrs / Wetherlam / Wrynose Gap / Pike of Bliscow / Crinkle Crags / Scawfell Pike / Bowfell / Great End / Great Gable / Pike of Stickle / Harrison Stickle / Paveyark" item:-  Armitt Library : A1175.4 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Otley 1823 (4th edn 1830)  placename:-  Scawfell Pike
source data:-	Print, engraving, outline view, Mountains South West of Derwentwater as seen from Keswick, published by Jonathan Otley, Keswick, Cumberland et al, 1830.   click to enlarge O75E06.jpg p.115 in A Concise Description of the English Lakes, by Jonathan Otley, 4th edition, 1830.  "The Mountains South-West of Derwentwater: / as seen from Keswick." "Brund and Glaramara / Esk Hause / Castle Crag and Great End / Scawfell Pike / Gait Crag / Blea Crag / Bull Crag / Cat Bell / Hindscarth / Gold Scalp / Robinson / High Stile / Red Pike / Rawling end / Causey Pike / Sail / Ill Crags / Barrow / Swinside / Coledale Hause / Grisedale Pike" item:-  Armitt Library : A1175.6 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Otley 1823 (4th edn 1830)  placename:-  Scawfell Pike
source data:-	Print, engraving, outline view, Mountains round Wastwater as seen from the Strands in Nether Wasdale, published by Jonathan Otley, Keswick, Cumberland et al, 1830.   click to enlarge O75E08.jpg p.129 in A Concise Description of the English Lakes, by Jonathan Otley, 4th edition, 1830.  "The Mountains round Wastwater: / as seen from the Strands in Nether Wasdale." "Buckbarrow Pike / Middlefell / Yewbarrow / Great Gable / Lingmell / Great-end Crag / Scawfell Pike / Scawfell / Screes" item:-  Armitt Library : A1175.8 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Otley 1823 (8th edn 1849)  placename:-  Scawfell Pike
source data:-	Engraving, outline view of mountains, Windermere looking towards the West from the Road between Troutbeck and Bowness, drawn by T Binns, engraved by O Jewitt, opposite p.4 of A Descriptive Guide of the English Lakes, by Jonathan Otley, 8th edition, 1849.   click to enlarge O80E03.jpg item:-  Armitt Library : A1180.4 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Otley 1823 (8th edn 1849)  placename:-  Scawfell Pike
source data:-	Engraving, outline view of mountains, Derwent Water from Crow Park, drawn by T Binns, engraved by O Jewitt, opposite p.10 of A Descriptive Guide of the English Lakes, by Jonathan Otley, 8th edition, 1849.   click to enlarge O80E06.jpg item:-  Armitt Library : A1180.7 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Otley 1823 (8th edn 1849)  placename:-  Scawfell Pike
source data:-	Engraving, outline view of mountains, Mountains of Wast Water as seen from Nether Wasdale, drawn by T Binns, engraved by O Jewitt, opposite p.22 of A Descriptive Guide of the English Lakes, by Jonathan Otley, 8th edition, 1849.   click to enlarge O80E13.jpg item:-  Armitt Library : A1180.14 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Otley 1823 (8th edn 1849)  placename:-  Scawfell Pike
source data:-	Engraving, outline view of mountains, A Group of Mountains seen from Helvellyn, looking towards the South West, drawn by T Binns, engraved by O Jewitt, opposite p.50 of A Descriptive Guide of the English Lakes, by Jonathan Otley, 8th edition, 1849.   click to enlarge O80E17.jpg item:-  Armitt Library : A1180.18 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Otley 1823 (5th edn 1834)  placename:-  Scawfell Pike
source data:-	Print, woodcut outline view, Mountains of Wast Water, by Jonathan Otley, Keswick, Cumberland, 1830.   click to enlarge OT2E07.jpg Printed on p.31 of A Concise Description of the English Lakes, by Jonathan Otley, 5th edition, 1834.  "THE MOUNTAINS OF WAST WATER: as seen from Nether Wasdale." "Buckbarrow Pike / Middlefell / Yewbarrow / Great Gable / Sty Head Pass / Lingmell / Great-end Crag / Scawfell Pike / Scawfell / Screes" item:-  JandMN : 48.8 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	descriptive text:- Otley 1823 (5th edn 1834)  placename:-  Scawfell Pike placename:-  Pikes, The item:-  Mudge, Colonel; moss; geology; lichen geographicus; lichen; Rhizocarpon geographicum (?); viewpoint item:-  bearings
source data:-	Guide book, A Concise Description of the English Lakes, the mountains in their vicinity, and the roads by which they may be visited, with remarks on the mineralogy and geology of the district, by Jonathan Otley, published by the author, Keswick, Cumberland now Cumbria, by J Richardson, London, and by Arthur Foster, Kirkby Lonsdale, Cumbria, 1823; published 1823-49, latterly as the Descriptive Guide to the English Lakes.   goto source Page 64:-  "SCAWFELL AND THE PIKES." "Scawfell is the name that has generally been given, in maps, to the mountain connecting the heads of Borrowdale, Eskdale, and Wasdale. It is the highest ground in all this mountainous district, and indeed in that part of the united kingdom called England. The several lofty peaks by which it is distinguished are known in the neighbourhood by different names. The two most eminent are stated by Colonel Mudge, to be 3166 and 3092 feet in height: ..."   goto source Page 65:-  "..." "The lower of these points, lying to the south-west, is a bulky mountain - the proper Scawfell; the higher rising from a narrower base, has been called the Pikes. For want of a designation sufficiently explicit, strangers have sometimes been mistakenly directed to the secondary point; and to cross the deep chasm of Mickle Door, by which they are separated, is a work of considerable difficulty; although the direct distance does not exceed three quarters of a mile. ..." "Excepting some tufts of moss, very little vegetation is to be seen upon these summits. They are chiefly composed of rocks, and large blocks of stone piled one upon another; and their weather-worn surfaces prove that they have long remained in their present state. The prevailing rock is a kind of indurated slate, in layers of finer and coarser materials, which gives to the surface a ribbed or furrowed appearance; the finer parts are compact and hard as flint: and here the lichen geographicus appears in peculiar beauty."   goto source Page 66:-  "... the ruggedness of the ground, and the danger of being caught in a cloud - to which, from its situation, it is more subject than its neighbours - altogether conspire against its being visited by any other than hardy pedestrians: and strangers should so calculate their time that night may not overtake them on such places. To be enveloped in a cloud is of itself disagreeable; cloud and night together would be dreadful."   goto source Page 67:-  "..." "The divergency of several vallies from this point, has been compared to the spokes of a wheel; and in tracing their courses upon a map, the simile may be applicable enough; but, upon the spot, the resemblance is not so striking - the mountains run athwart one another in such a way, that little can be seen of the intervening vallies." "..."   goto source Page 155:-  "The SECOND division [of slate rocks] comprehends the mountains of Eskdale, Wasdale, Ennerdale, Borrowdale, Langdale, Grasmere, Patterdale, Martindale, Mardale, and some adjacent places; including the two highest mountains of the district, Scawfell and Helvellyn, as well as the Old Man at Coniston. All our fine towering crags belong to it; and most of the cascades among the lakes fall over it. There are indeed some lofty precipices in the former division; ..." "..."   goto source Page 78:-  "STATION I.- SCAWFELL highest point, THE PIKES." Latitude 54° 27′ 24″ N. Longitude 3° 12′W. Height 3160 feet.  BEARINGS Distances in miles Height in feet Skiddaw 10° NE 14 3022 Ingleborough, Yorkshire 58 SE 38 2361 Black Combe, Cumberland 19 SW 15 1919 Snowdon, Caernarvonshire 20 SW 103 3571 Holyhead Mountain, Anglesea 37 SW 100 709 North Barule, Isle of Man 78 SW 49 1804 Sleiph Donard, Ireland 79 SW 112 2820 Mull of Galloway, Scotland 77 NW 68 Burrow Head do. 68 NW 51 Crif Fell do. 26 NW 38 1831
evidence:-	descriptive text:- Ford 1839 (3rd edn 1843)  placename:-  Scafell Pikes placename:-  Sca Fell Pike item:-  lichen; Geographicus lychnicus; altitude, Scafell Pike
source data:-	Guide book, A Description of Scenery in the Lake District, by Rev William Ford, published by Charles Thurnam, Carlisle, by W Edwards, 12 Ave Maria Lane, Charles Tilt, Fleet Street, William Smith, 113 Fleet Street, London, by Currie and Bowman, Newcastle, by Bancks and Co, Manchester, by Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, and by Sinclair, Dumfries, 1839.   goto source Page 70:-  "..." "SCAFELL PIKES" "... The South Pike, which is three thousand and ninety-two feet in height, is most accessible from Wastdale or Eskdale. This aspiring pinnacle presents a more sublime and not less elegantly-varied range of mountains, dales, and sea views, than either Helvellyn or Skiddaw; a considerable part of the Lancashire, Cumberland, and Scotch coasts, with the Isle of Man and Snowdon in Wales being visible. The Pike which is three thousand one hundred and sixty feet in height on the north peak of the fell, commands a view of Windermere and Derwent lakes; and, upon the whole, presents a more com-"   goto source Page 71:-  "[com]plete panorama than any other point. These, though only twelve hundred yards in a direct distance, are separated by a chasm called the Mickle Door, costing a distance of two miles' sever travelling to overcome. Very little or rather no vegetation is to be seen on this fell; rocks, and large blocks of stone piled one upon another, are the principal features, and the geographicus lychnicus appears in particular beauty. The distance of Scafell from any house of entertainment, the rugged ground, and the danger of being caught in mists, prevent this mountain from being visited by any but hardy pedestrians, neither would we recommend such even to venture without a guide."   goto source Page 178:-  "ELEVATION OF THE MOUNTAINS," "ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT AUTHORITIES." No. Names of Mountains. Dalton. Otley. Trig. S. Jamieson 1 Sca Fell Pike 3160 3166 2 Sca Fell 3240 3100
evidence:-	old text:- Miller 1847 placename:-  Sca Fell item:-  rain gauge; rainfall
source data:-	Book, Report on the Fall of Rain in the Lake Districts of Cumberland and Westmoreland in 1846, by John Fletcher Miller, printed by G Irwin, Lowther Street, Whitehaven, Cumberland, 1847.   goto source Page 4:-  "Note. The Lake district Gauges are five inches in diameter; they are all of the same construction, and are elevated about eighteen inches above the surface. The funnel rims are of stout sheet brass, so that the apertures cannot readily lose their circular form. The Metres were all made by Bate of the Poultry, London. - The Rain is read off daily at 9 A.M." "..."   goto source Page 8:-  MI02Tab3.jpg   goto source Page 9:-  "REMARKS ON MOUNTAIN GAUGES." "The Mountain Gauges are on pretty much the same construction as those in the vallies, but the receivers are much more capacious, being calculated to hold nearly 80 inches of Rain." "The contents of the Gauges on Sca Fell and Gabel, have been frozen at the close of every month since October last; and as there is still no immediate prospect of our being able to measure off the water, I have concluded to publish the results obtained, without further delay: and, in the next report, I propose to give the whole monthly readings for 1846 and 1847 in one table." "..." "The Gauges on Sca Fell, Gabel, and Seatollar, are on the extreme summits of these monntains; and the whole of the instruments are freely exposed to the action of wind and rain, from almost every point of the compass." "..." INCHES. The Valley, 160 feet above the sea, has received 71.24 Stye Head, 1290 76.24 Seatollar, 1334 77.85 Sparkling Tarn, 1900 91.15 Great Gabel, 2925 64.69 Sca Fell, 3166 56.35
evidence:-	old map:- Garnett 1850s-60s H placename:-  Pikes placename:-  Scawfell
source data:-	Map of the English Lakes, in Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire, scale about 3.5 miles to 1 inch, published by John Garnett, Windermere, Westmorland, 1850s-60s. GAR2NY20.jpg "Pikes / Scawfell" hill hachuring  item:-  JandMN : 82.1 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Martineau 1855 placename:-  Scawfell Pike
source data:-	Print, engraving, outline view, Mountains on the West Side of Windermere, drawn by L Aspland, engraved by W Banks, Edinburgh, published by John Garnett, Windermere, Westmorland, and by Whittaker and Co, London, 1855.   click to enlarge MNU102.jpg Folded in opposite p.7 in A Complete Guide to the English Lakes, by Harriet Martineau.  "MOUNTAINS ON THE WEST SIDE OF WINDERMERE" "L Aspland Delt. / W Banks Sc Edinburgh." The view is captioned, numbers referring to mountains in the image:-  "1 Coniston Old Man 1a Carrs 2 Wetherlam 3 Wrynose Gap 4 Crinkle Crags 5 Pike of Bliscow 6 Scawfell Pike 7 Bowfell 8 Hanging Knotts 9 Glaramara 10 Great End 11 Pike of Stickle 12 Harrison Stickle 13 Paveyark 14 Lingmoor 15 High Raise 16 Silver How 17 Loughrigg Fell 18 Ullscarth" item:-  Armitt Library : A1159.2 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Martineau 1855
source data:-	Print, engraving, outline view, Mountains seen from Lanthwaite Wood Crummock Water, drawn by L Aspland, engraved by W Banks, Edinburgh, published by John Garnett, Windermere, Westmorland, and by Whittaker and Co, London, 1855.   click to enlarge MNU113.jpg Opposite p.84 in A Complete Guide to the English Lakes, by Harriet Martineau.  The view is captioned, numbers referring to mountains in the image:-  "1 Whiteless Pike, 2 Honister Crag, 3 Green Gable, 4 Great End, 5 Great Gable / Rannerdale Knott (beneath), 6 Scawfell Pike, 7 Kirkfell / Scarf Gap (below), 8 High Crag, 9 High Stile, 10 Bleaberry Crag, 11 Red Pike, 12 Melbreak." "MOUNTAINS SEEN FROM LANTHWAITE WOOD CRUMMOCK WATER." "L Aspland Delt. / W Banks Sc Edinr." item:-  Armitt Library : A1159.13 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Martineau 1855 placename:-  Scawfell Pike
source data:-	Print, engraving, outline view, Mountains seen from Applethwaite near Keswick, drawn by L Aspland, engraved by W Banks, Edinburgh, published by John Garnett, Windermere, Westmorland, and by Whittaker and Co, London, 1855.   click to enlarge MNU114.jpg Plate, opposite p.93 in A Complete Guide to the English Lakes, by Harriet Martineau.  "MOUNTAINS SEEN FROM APPLETHWAITE NEAR KESWICK." "L Aspland Delt. / W Banks Sc Edinr." The view is captioned, numbers referring to mountains in the image:-  "1 Wallow Crag, 2 Falcon Crag, 3 Shepherd's Crag / Lowdore below, 4 Glaramara, 5 Brund, 6 Castle Crag, 7 Great End, 8 Scawfell Pike, 9 Catbell, 10, High Stile, 11 Red Pike, 12 Grasmoor, 13 Causey Pike, 14 Melbreak, 15 Grisdale Pike" item:-  Armitt Library : A1159.14 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	old text:- Martineau 1855 placename:-  Scawfell Pike item:-  trig point; altitude, Scafell Pike
source data:-	Guide book, A Complete Guide to the English Lakes, by Harriet Martineau, published by John Garnett, Windermere, Westmorland, and by Whittaker and Co, London, 1855; published 1855-76.   goto source Page 157:-  "... There are four summits which collectively go under the name of Scawfell; viz, the most southerly, which is called simply Scawfell; Scawfell Pike, which is sixty feet higher, and the highest mountain in England (3,160 feet:) ... The Ordnance surveyors set up a staff on a pile of stones on the highest peak; so that there need be no mistake henceforth. ..."
evidence:-	old text:- Martineau 1855 placename:-  Scawfell Pikes item:-  altitude, Scafell Pike
source data:-	Guide book, A Complete Guide to the English Lakes, by Harriet Martineau, published by John Garnett, Windermere, Westmorland, and by Whittaker and Co, London, 1855; published 1855-76.   goto source Page 179:-  "A TABLE OF THE HEIGHTS OF MOUNTAINS IN THE COUNTIES OF CUMBERLAND, WESTMORLAND, AND LANCASHIRE." "No. : Names of Mountains. : Counties. : Height in Feet above the Sea Level." "1 : Scawfell Pikes : Cumberland : 3160"
evidence:-	descriptive text:- Clarke 1858 placename:-  Sca Fell Pike
source data:-	Report, Account of the Observations and Calculations of the Principal Triangulation, by Captain Alexander Ross Clarke, published by the Ordnance Survey, London, 1858. "SCA FELL PIKE, 1841. This hill lies between Eskdale and Wastdale, in the county of Cumberland; its summit is about three quarters of a mile north-east of Sca Fell, from which it is separated by a deep chasm called the Mickle Door. The station is marked by a pile, 21 feet high and 18 feet in diameter, beneath which the frame on which the instrument stood, and a centre stone with a hole in it marking the exact centre of this station, will be found. The nearest houses are at Wastdale Head, from whence the station is best approached." "SCA FELL 3-ft. Theodolite, R.S. From 8th July to 20th September 1841. Observers: Lieuts. PIPON and CRAIGIE, R.E." Objects / Bearings in degrees, minutes and decimal seconds.  "Blackcomb / 19 14 52.80" "Snowdon / 20 38 31.85" "Llanelian / 31 45 38.86" "Holyhead / 37 45 50.86" "South Berule / 70 55 36.88" "Snea Fell / 75 51 16.39" "North Berule / 77 7 0.84" "Mull of Galloway / 101 23 34.47" "Dent Hill / 107 11 2.27" "Glasserton / 109 41 21.28" "Cairnsmuir of Fleet / 128 59 39.77" "Merrick / 133 [50] 41.88" "Ben Cairn / 135 45 48.06" "Cairnsmuir on Deugh / 144 37 56.91" "Criffel / 153 45 43.29" "Hart Fell / 173 32 25.97" "Wisp / 189 31 25.96" "High Pike / 199 23 59.43" "Cheviot / 210 28 54.36" "Helvellyn / 237 7 18.55" "Cross Fell / 239 6 52.22" "Water Crag / 271 6 11.28" "Calf / 281 41 13.39" "Great Whernside / 291 58 11.83" "Little Whernside / 295 16 15.73" "Ingleboro' / 300 50 23.35" "Boulsworth / 314 4 59.20" "Pendle / 317 10 43.86" "Whittle Hill / 324 23 43.98" "Bery / 350 43 43.12" Altitude above mean sea level:-  "(Sca Fell) 3229.6 feet" Position, latitude and longitude, degrees minutes decimal seconds  "(Sca Fell) 54 27 14.89 / 3 12 35.34" The altitude and position figures are given for 'Sca Fell'; it is not clear that this is this is Scawfell Pike.
evidence:-	old photograph:- Bell 1880s-1940s
source data:-	Photograph, sepia, head of Eskdale, and Sca Fell, Cumberland, by Herbert Bell, photographer, Ambleside, Westmorland, 1890s.   click to enlarge HB0910.jpg item:-  Armitt Library : ALPS585 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	old photograph:- Bell 1880s-1940s
source data:-	Photograph, black and white, view from Scafell Pike, Eskdale, Cumberland, by Herbert Bell, photographer, Ambleside, Westmorland, 1890s.   click to enlarge HB0906.jpg item:-  Armitt Library : ALPS581 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	old photograph:- Bell 1880s-1940s item:-  boat; rowing boat
source data:-	Photograph, black and white, Lingmell, Nether Wasdale and Scafell Pike, Eskdale, Cumberland, by Herbert Bell, photographer, Ambleside, Westmorland, 1890s.   click to enlarge HB0883.jpg internegative at lower left:-  "H. Bell" item:-  Armitt Library : ALPS554 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	old photograph:- Bell 1880s-1940s
source data:-	Photograph, black and white, Scafell Pike, Eskdale, Cumberland, by Herbert Bell, photographer, Ambleside, Westmorland, 1890s.   click to enlarge HB0707.jpg stamped on reverse:-  "HERBERT BELL / Photographer / AMBLESIDE" item:-  Armitt Library : ALPS371 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	old photograph:- Bell 1880s-1940s
source data:-	Photograph, black and white, Scafell Pike, Eskdale, Cumberland, by Herbert Bell, photographer, Ambleside, Westmorland, 1890s.   click to enlarge HB0706.jpg internegative at lower left:-  "H. Bell" stamped on reverse:-  "HERBERT BELL / Photographer / AMBLESIDE" item:-  Armitt Library : ALPS370 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	old photograph:- Bell 1880s-1940s
source data:-	Photograph, black and white, head of Eskdale, and Sca Fell, Cumberland, by Herbert Bell, Ambleside, Westmorland, 1890s.   click to enlarge HB0522.jpg item:-  Armitt Library : ALPS185 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	text:- Mason 1907 (edn 1930)  item:-  altitude, mountains
source data:-	Text book, The Ambleside Geography Books bk.III, The Counties of England, by Charlotte M Mason, published by Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co, Broadway House, 68-74 Carter Lane, and the Parents' Educational Union Office, 26 Victoria Street, London, edn 1930. MSN1P020.txt Page 20:-  "..." "Helvellyn is the monarch of the lake mountains: Sca Fell is a hundred feet higher; Skiddaw, Sca Fell, and Helvellyn are all over 3000 feet; but neither of the others is such a big, swelling, giant of a mountain as Helvellyn." MSN1P023.txt Page 23:-  "..." "... to know that ... Sca Fell Pikes and Langdale Pikes - are pairs of giants with rounded heads, that you may always recognise."
evidence:-	outline view:- Seascale 1920s-30s placename:-  Scawfell Pike
source data:-	Print, uncoloured engraving, outline view, mountains from Seascale, published by Edward Burrow and Son, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, 1920s-30s.   click to enlarge SES113.jpg "PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE WESTERN MOUNTAINS OF LAKELAND AS SEEN FROM SEASCALE." "... Scawfell Pike 3210 ..." item:-  JandMN : 1079.13 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	old print:- Barber and Atkinson 1927 placename:-  Scafell
source data:-	Print, halftone photograph, Scafell, from Hardknott Pass, Cumberland, by E H Atkinson, published by James Atkinson, Caxton Printing Works, Ulverston, Lancashire, 1928.   click to enlarge AK0402.jpg Tipped in opposite p.17 of Lakeland Passes, by John B Barber and George Atkinson, 1927, 3rd edn 1928.  printed at bottom:-  "Photo E. H. Atkinson) Scafell from Hardknott Pass. (To face plage 17." item:-  JandMN : 350.3 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- LMS 1920s
source data:-	Hills of Lakeland in Outline, published in the LMS Route Book No.3, The Track of the Royal Scot, by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, LMS, 1920s.   click to enlarge LS1E32.jpg item:-  JandMN : 95.5 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	old photograph:- Bogg 1898 item:-  climbing; Moss Ghyll
source data:-	Photograph, halftone print, Moss Ghyll from Rake's Progress, Scafell Pike, Ennerdale and Kinniside, Cumberland, by F Leach, published by Edmund Bogg, 3 Woodhouse Lane, and James Miles, Guildford Street, Leeds, Yorkshire, 1898.   click to enlarge BGG155.jpg Included on p.166 of Lakeland and Ribblesdale, by Edmund Bogg.  item:-  JandMN : 231.55 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	old print:- Bogg 1898 item:-  climbing
source data:-	Print, engraving, Outline Sketch of Scafell, Eskdale, Cumberland, 1893 from a photograph by Prof. Dixon, published by Edmund Bogg, 3 Woodhouse Lane, and James Miles, Guildford Street, Leeds, Yorkshire, 1898.   click to enlarge BGG153.jpg Included on p.164 of Lakeland and Ribblesdale, by Edmund Bogg.  item:-  JandMN : 231.53 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Jenkinson 1875 placename:-  Scawfell Pikes
source data:-	Print, lithograph, outline view, Panoramic Sketches from Helvellyn, Westmorland, by Edwin A Pettitt, London, published by Edward Stanford, 55 Charing Cross, London, 1875.   click to enlarge Jk01E1.jpg "... Scawfell Pikes ..." item:-  JandMN : 28.5 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Jenkinson 1875 placename:-  Scawfell Pikes
source data:-	Print, lithograph, outline view, Panoramic Sketches from Skiddaw, Cumberland, by Edwin A Pettitt, London, published by Edward Stanford, 55 Charing Cross, London, 1875.   click to enlarge Jk01E2.jpg "... Scawfell Pikes ..." item:-  JandMN : 28.8 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Jenkinson 1875 placename:-  Scawfell Pikes
source data:-	Print, lithograph, outline view, Panoramic Sketches from Scawfell Pike, Cumberland, by Edwin A Pettitt, London, published by Edward Stanford, 55 Charing Cross, London, 1875.   click to enlarge Jk01E3.jpg "... Scawfell Pike (second) ... Scawfell Pike (first) ..." item:-  JandMN : 28.9 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Matthew 1866 placename:-  Scawfell Pike
source data:-	Print, engraving, outline view, Mountains as seen from the Road to Wastwater near Murthwaiteside, Cumberland, published by J Richardson, Highgate, Kendal, Westmorland, 1866.   click to enlarge MW1E03.jpg Tipped in before p.1 of The English Lakes, Peaks and Passes, from Kendal to Keswick, by George King Matthew.  printed at bottom:-  "MOUNTAINS AS SEEN FROM THE ROAD TO WASTWATER NEAR MURTHWAITESIDE." printed at caption to mountains:-  "... Scawfell Pik[ ] ..." item:-  Armitt Library : A1168.3 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	old print:- Prior 1865 placename:-  Scafell Pike
source data:-	Print, uncoloured engraving, Sty Head Tarn, Scafell Pike, and Scafell, in Borrowdale and in Eskdale, Cumberland, published by John Garnett, Windermere, Westmorland, and by Simpkin, Marshall and Co, London, 1865.   click to enlarge PI0106.jpg Included on page 39 of the guide book, Ascents and Passes in the Lake District of England, by Herman Prior.  printed at bottom:-  "STY HAD TARN, SCAFELL PIKE, AND SCAFELL." item:-  JandMN : 235.8 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Black 1856 (23rd edn 1900)  placename:-  Scawfell Pike
source data:-	Print, lithograph, Outline Views, Windermere - Mountains as seen from the North End of Belle Isle, Windermere, and Mountains as seen from Biscay How, Bowness, by J Flintoft, Keswick, Cumberland, engraved by R Mason, Edinburgh, Lothian, about 1900.   click to enlarge BC08E1.jpg "... 2 Scawfell Pike ..." item:-  JandMN : 37.4 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Black 1856 (23rd edn 1900)  placename:-  Scawfell Pike
source data:-	Print, lithograph, Outline Views, Skiddaw and Derwent Water - Mountains as seen at Lodore Hotel, and Mountains as seen at the Third Gate on Ascending Latrigg on the Way to Skiddaw, by J Flintoft, Keswick, Cumberland, engraved by R Mason, Edinburgh, Lothian, about 1900.   click to enlarge BC08E4.jpg "... 9 Scawfell Pike ..." item:-  JandMN : 37.14 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Black 1856 (23rd edn 1900)  placename:-  Scawfell Pike
source data:-	Print, lithograph, Outline Views, Buttermere - Mountains as seen from the Knots near the Hotel at Buttermere, and Mountains as seen at the Seat in Lanthwaite Wood, Scale Hill, by J Flintoft, Keswick, Cumberland, engraved by R Mason, Edinburgh, Lothian, about 1900.   click to enlarge BC08E5.jpg "... 7 Scaw Fell High Pike ..." item:-  JandMN : 37.19 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Black 1856 (23rd edn 1900)  placename:-  Scawfell Pike
source data:-	Print, lithograph, Outline Views, Haws and Wastwater - Mountains as seen from Burn-Banks near the Foot of Hawes Water, and Mountains as seen near Nether Wastdale at the First Bridge on the road to Wast-Water, by J Flintoft, Keswick, Cumberland, engraved by R Mason, Edinburgh, Lothian, about 1900.   click to enlarge BC08E6.jpg "... 8 Scaw Fell Pike ..." item:-  JandMN : 37.21 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Linton 1852 placename:-  Scawfell Pike
source data:-	Print, engraving, outline views, Mountains as Seen from the Esk Viaduct, the Eskmeals Viaduct, and Mountains as Seen from the Viaduct near Drigg, the Irt Viaduct, Whitehaven and Furness Junction Railway, Cumberland, engraved by W H Lizars, Edinburgh, published by Whittaker and Co, London, and by R Gibson and Son and by Callander and Dixon, Whitehaven, Cumberland, 1852.   click to enlarge LN1E13.jpg Tipped in opposite p.86 of A Handbook of the Whitehaven and Furness Railway, by John Linton.  item:-  Armitt Library : A1158.11 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Black 1841 (3rd edn 1846)  placename:-  Scaw Fell Pike
source data:-	Print, engraving, outline view, Mountains as seen from the North End of Belle Isle, Windermere, and Mountains as seen from Bisket How, Bowness, by J Flintoft, Keswick, Cumberland, engraved by R Mason, Edinburgh, about 1844.   click to enlarge BC02E1.jpg "... 2 Scawfell Pike ..." item:-  JandMN : 32.3 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Black 1841 (3rd edn 1846)  placename:-  Scaw Fell Pike
source data:-	Print, engraving, outline view, Mountains as seen at Lowdore Inn, and Mountains as seen at the Third Gate on Ascending Latrigg on the Way to Skiddaw, by J Flintoft, Keswick, Cumberland, engraved by R Mason, Edinburgh, Lothian, about 1846.   click to enlarge BC02E4.jpg "... 9 Scawfell Pike ..." item:-  JandMN : 32.7 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Black 1841 (3rd edn 1846)  placename:-  Scaw Fell Pike
source data:-	Print, engraving, outline view, Mountains as seen from The Knots near the Victoria at Buttermere, and Mountains as seen at the Seat in Lanthwaite Wood, Scale Hill, by J Flintoft, Keswick, Cumberland, engraved by R Mason, Edinburgh, Lothian, about 1846.   click to enlarge BC02E7.jpg "... 7 Scaw Fell High Pike ..." item:-  JandMN : 32.11 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Black 1841 (3rd edn 1846)  placename:-  Scaw Fell Pike
source data:-	Print, engraving, outline view, Mountains as seen from Burn Banks near the Foot of Hawes Water, and Mountains as seen near Strands in Wastdale at the First bridge on the Road to Wast Water, by J Flintoft, Keswick, Cumberland, engraved by R Mason, Edinburgh, Lothian, about 1846.   click to enlarge BC02E8.jpg "... 8 Scaw Fell Pike ..." item:-  JandMN : 32.12 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Tattersall 1836 (version 1869)  placename:-  Scawfell Pikes
source data:-	Print, hand coloured, Wast Water and Scawfell Pikes, from the road to Calder Bridge, Nether Wasdale, Cumberland, drawn by George Tattersall, 1836, engraved by W F Topham, published by T J Allman, 463 Oxford Street, London, 1869.   click to enlarge TAT214.jpg Included in The Lakes of England, by W F Topham.  printed at bottom:-  "WAST WATER &SCAWFELL PIKES, / from the road to Calder Bridge." printed at bottom:-  "Great Gavel. / Lingmell. / Scawfell Pikes. / The Screes." item:-  Armitt Library : A1067.14 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Tattersall 1836 (version 1869)  placename:-  Scawfell Pikes
source data:-	Print, hand coloured, Stye Head Tarn, Cumberland, drawn by George Tattersall, 1836, engraved by W F Topham, published by T J Allman, 463 Oxford Street, London, 1869.   click to enlarge TAT213.jpg Included in The Lakes of England, by W F Topham.  printed at bottom:-  "STYE HEAD TARN." printed at bottom:-  "Stye Head. / Great End. / Scawfell Pikes. / Lingmell. / Great Gavel." item:-  Armitt Library : A1067.13 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Tattersall 1836 placename:-  Scawfell Pikes item:-  fingerpost
source data:-	Print, engraving, Wast Water and Scawfell Pikes, from the road to Calder Bridge, Nether Wasdale, Cumberland, drawn by George Tattersall, engraved by W F Topham, published by Sherwood and Co, Paternoster Row, London, about 1836.   click to enlarge TAT132.jpg The print is captioned with mountain names and acts as an outline view.  Tipped in opposite p.80 of The Lakes of England, by George Tattersall.  printed at bottom:-  "WAST WATER &SCAWFELL PIKES, / from the road to Calder Bridge." printed at bottom left to right:-  "Great Gavel. / Lingmell. / Scawfell Pikes. / The Screes." item:-  Armitt Library : A1204.33 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:- Tattersall 1836 placename:-  Scawfell Pikes item:-  heron
source data:-	Print, engraving, Stye Head Tarn, Borrowdale, Cumberland, drawn by George Tattersall, engraved by W F Topham, published by Sherwood and Co, Paternoster Row, London, about 1836.   click to enlarge TAT131.jpg The print is captioned with mountain names and acts as an outline view.  Tipped in opposite p.78 of The Lakes of England, by George Tattersall.  printed at bottom:-  "STYE HEAD TARN. / London Pubd. April 15th. 1836, by Sherwood &Co." printed at bottom left to right:-  "Stye Head. / Great End. / Scawfell Pikes. / Lingmell. / Great Gavel." item:-  Armitt Library : A1204.32 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	outline view:-  placename:-  Scawfell Pikes
source data:-	Print, hand coloured engraving, Wast Water and Scawfell Pikes from the Road to Calder Bridge, Cumberland, published by Sherwood and Co, London, 1836?   click to enlarge PR0373.jpg Objects in the view are identified by a caption at the bottom - Great Gavel, Lingmell, Scawfell Pikes, The Screes.  printed at bottom:-  "WAST-WATER & SCAWFELL PIKES. / from the road to Calder Bridge. / London. Pubd. April 15th 1836 by Sherwood &Co." item:-  Dove Cottage : 2008.107.373 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	old print:- Rose 1832-35 (vol.1 no.72)  placename:-  Scawfell Pikes
source data:-	Print, uncoloured engraving, Scawfell Pikes, from Sty Head, Cumberland, drawn by Thomas Allom, engraved by J C Bentley, published by Fisher, Son and Co, London, 1833.   click to enlarge PR0027.jpg vol.1 pl.72 in the set of prints, Westmorland, Cumberland, Durham and Northumberland Illustrated.  printed at bottom left, right, centre:-  "T. Allom. / J. C. Bentley. / SCAWFELL PIKES, FROM STY HEAD, CUMBERLAND. / FISHER, SON &CO. LONDON, 1833." item:-  Dove Cottage : 2008.107.27 Image © see bottom of page
evidence:-	old print:- Rose 1832-35 placename:-  Scawfell Pikes
source data:-	Print, engraving, Wastdale Head, Scawfell Pikes, Cumberland, by Thomas Allom, engraved by S Lacey, 1833.   click to enlarge R258.jpg "Wastdale Head, Scawfell Pikes, Cumberland" item:-  JandMN : 96.19 Image © see bottom of page
	ascent 1800s
	ascent 1900
	BMB41.jpg (taken 11.5.2006)   BNV02.jpg (taken 9.6.2007)   Click to enlarge BNV06.jpg (taken 9.6.2007)   BQL57.jpg  Sca Fell, Mickledore and Scafell Pikes from Bow Fell. (taken 20.4.2009)   Click to enlarge BYN14.jpg  Sca Fell Buttress on the left, then Scafell Pike, Broad Crag, Ill Crag, with Dow Crag in front. (taken 4.6.2013)
notes:-	This is the highest mountain top in England, and is a 'Furth Munro'.
observation:-	BEWARE. The naming of bits of Sca Fell and Scafell Pike is of great interest to both climbers and walkers. It is said that Scafell is the Mecca of the climbing world. Both that world, represented by the Fell and Rock Climbing Club in an admirable series of guides, and the Ordnance Survey in their admirable maps, make a mess of naming and labelling bits of the mountain. Wainwright is more helpful.
hearsay:-	Lehmann J Oppenheimer, The Heart of Lakeland, 1908:-
	"... lunch. Pockets soon emptied: bread and butter, potted meat, raisins, chocolate, crystalised ginger, and brandy - a queer mixture, and no doubt the three tourists lunching quietly at the hotel would have pitied us as much as we pitied them."
hearsay:-	Up to the 1930s climbers used rope and hobnail boots. In 1933 a climber on Scafell used a piton, a spike and ring. This was declared to be cheating and caused a great fuss in the climbing world - it was a first. Now climbers use pitons, carabiners, and a lot of other gadgets.

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