|  | page 57 incursions of the Scottish borderers; and they not  
unfrequently retain their towers and battlements. To these  
houses, parks are sometimes attached, and to their  
successive proprietors we chiefly owe whatever ornament is  
still left to the country of majestic timber. Through the  
open parts of the vales are scattered, also, houses of a  
middle rank between the pastoral cottage and the old hall  
residence of the knight or esquire. Such houses differ much  
from the rugged cottages before described, and are generally 
graced with a little court or garden in front, where may yet 
be seen specimens of those fantastic and quaint figures  
which our ancestors were fond of shaping out in yew-tree,  
holly, or box-wood. The passenger will sometimes smile at  
such elaborate display of petty art, while the house does  
not deign to look upon the natural beauty or the sublimity  
which its situation almost unavoidably commands.
 
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|  | Thus has been given a faithful description, the minuteness  
of which the reader will pardon, of the face of this country 
as it was, and had been through centuries, till within the  
last sixty years. Towards the head of these Dales was found  
a perfect Republic of Shepherds and Agriculturalists, among  
whom the plough of each man was confined to the maintenance  
of his own family, or to the occasional accommodation of his 
neighbour.* Two or three 
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