Ruthven 1855

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		Map Features
	map making	Notice the part of the map north and east of Penrith where jiggles in the roads and railway are from inaccurate paste up of parts of the image.
	map folding	See:- RUN2Mfd.txt
	title map maker engraver publisher	Printed upper right:- MAP OF THE ENGLISH LAKES AND ADJOINING COUNTRY GEOLOGICALLY COLOURED BY JOHN RUTHVEN OF KENDAL. 1855. Printed at the bottom left, right, centre:- Engd. by W. Banks. Edinburgh. / Entered at Stationer's Hall. / PUBLISHED BY JOHN GARNETT, WINDERMERE. ACKERMANN & CO. LONDON. Notice, in places, discontinuities in the drawing of map features. There are examples to the north and east of Penrith where there are 'faults' in the railway and roads. These look like places where the paste up of pieces of map, perhaps in a litho reproduction process? has been inaccurate.
	orientation north point	Printed lower left is a north point; N-S line, E-W cross line, North marked by a spear point. The map is printed with North at the top of the sheet.
	scale line scale	There is a scale line printed lower left:- Scale of Miles marked and labelled at mile intervals. The 5 miles = 36.1 mm gives a scale 1 to 222901. The map scale is about:- 1 to 220000 ? 3.5 miles to 1 inch
	lat and long scales	Printed in the map borders are scales of latitude and longitude for a trapezoidal projection; marked at minute intervals and labelled at tens. The bottom scale is labelled:- Longitude West from Greenwich. From the scales the longitude, Kendal = 2d 47m W which suggests, with poor accuracy, a prime meridian 2 degrees east of Greenwich; this is not a reliable indicator. The map includes from 2d 14m to 3d 48m W, from 54d 2m to 54d 56m N; Westmorland, Cumberland cut off north of Carlisle, and Lancashire north of the sands.
	table of symbols	Printed lower left is a table of symbols for some map features:- Railways [triple,line, light, bold, light] Main Roads [double line, light bold] Cross Roads [double line, light light] Mountain Roads [double line, dotted] Foot Roads [single line, dotted] Waterfalls [2 lines cross a stream] Churches [cross (+)]
	sea area sea plain	The sea area is plain. Some sea areas are labelled, eg:- IRISH SEA MORECAMBE BAY
	coast line coast form lines headlands harbours foreshore	The coast line is emphasized by form lines. Some headlands are labelled, eg:- Grune Pt. St. Bees Head Harbours are mostly ignored, but the harbour walls at Whitehaven are drawn and Piel Pier is labelled. The three important estuary sands are labelled:- Duddon Sands Leven Sands Lancaster Sands but are not marked.
	rivers	Rivers are drawn by a wiggly line, double with from lines tapering to single upstream. Some rivers are labelled, eg:- Leven R. Duddon R. Raven Beck Croglin W.
	lakes	Lakes and tarns are drawn in outline with form lines. When looking for lakes do not be fooled by geological areas coloured blue. Some lakes are labelled:- Angle T. BASSENTHWAITE WR. Beacon Tarn Blea T. (Langdale) Blea Tarn (Borrowdale) Blea Wr. Bleaberry T. Blelham Tarn Bowscale Tarn Brothers Water Burnmoor Tarn BUTTER MERE Codale T. CONISTON WATER CRUMMOCK WR. DERWENT WR. Devoke Wr. Easedale T. Elter water ESTHWAITE WATER Floutern Tarn Goat Wr. GRASMERE LAKE Greendale Tarn Harrop T. HAWES WR. Hayes Wr. Keppel Cove Tarn Levers Wr. Lily Tarn Low Wr. LOWES WATER Over Water Red Tarn RYDAL WR. Scales Tarn Scales Tarn Seathwaite T. Skeggles Wr. Sprinkling Tarn Stickle Tarn Styhead T. THIRLMERE ULLES WATER WAST WATER WINDER MERE Other lakes or tarns might be recognized, eg:- Angle Tarn Blind Tarn Ennerdale Water [no form lines] Greycrag Tarn Grisedale Tarn lake, Aspatria lake, Cardurnock Little Tarn Loughrigg Tarn Low Birker Tarn [?] Low Tarn Mockerkin Tarn Monkhill Lough [?] Out Dubs Tarn Ponsonby Tarn [?] Red Tarn [by Wrynose] Scoat Tarn Small Water Thurstonfield Lough Watendlath Tarn
	relief hill hachuring	Relief is indicated by hill hachuring. Each hill is small, though some ranges of hills are shown, and the overall impression does not suggest a high mountainous district. Many hills are labelled, and some passes, eg:- Skiddaw Helm Crag Lord's Seat Caldbeck Fells Dod Fell High Pike Gatescarth Pass
	forests	Woodlands is not indicated but some forests areas are labelled, eg:- Copeland Forest
	county	County boundaries are not always very clear, but are shown by dot dash line, sometimes continued alongside a boundary feature. The county areas are labelled, eg:- WESTMORELAND
	settlements	Settlements are marked by blocks or groups of blocks, differentiated by style of labelling.
	cities   towns	group of blocks; labelled in upright block caps, eg:- CARLISLE KESWICK ULVERSTON KENDAL
	villages	blocks; labelled in upright lowercase text, eg:- Shap Kirkoswald Hesket Newmarket
	hamlets	block; labelled in italic lowercase text, eg:- Bampton Aspatria Staveley Grasmere
		Italic lowercase is used for various other features.
	roads sands roads	A network of roads and tracks is drawn by double and single lines, solid and dotted, wider and narrower. The roads are meant to be main and cross roads, mountain roads and foot roads, as explained in the table of symbols. When looking at the roads bear in mind the date of the map.
	canals	Canals are drawn by a bold curvy line. The Lancaster Canal and Ulverston Canal are shown.
	railways	Railways are drawn by a triple line, light bold light (which in other maps of the period and earlier is used for canals). Stations are [sometimes] marked and labelled. The following railways are shown:-
	Newcastle and Carlisle Railway	opened 1836-52. from the east, into Carlisle, Cumberland. labelled:- Newcastle & Carlisle Railway
	Maryport and Carlisle Railway	opened 1845. from Maryport, by Station at Birkby, Arkleby Station, Station at Aspatria, Heathfield Sta., Low Row Sta., Wigton, Curthwaite Sta., Sta. near Dalston, to Carlisle, Cumberland. labelled:- Maryport & Carlisle Railway
	Lancaster and Carlisle Railway	opened 1846. from Castle Station, Lancaster, by Hest Bank Station, Carnforth Station, Lancashire; then Holme and Burton Station, Station at Milnthorpe, Oxenholme Station, Low Gill Station, Tebay and Orton Station, Statiou (sic) near Shap, Clifton Moor Station, Westmorland; Penrith, Plumpton Station, Southwaite Station, Station at Brisco south of Carlisle, to Carlisle, Cumberland. labelled:- Lancaster & Carlisle Railway
	Kendal and Windermere Railway	opened 1847. from Oxenholme Station - junction with the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway, near Kendal, Station at Burneside, to Windermere, Westmorland. labelled:- Kendal & Windermere Railway
	Whitehaven Junction Railway	opened 1847. from Maryport, by Flimby Station, Workington, Station at Harrington, Station at Parton, to Whitehaven, Cumberland.
	Cockermouth and Workington Railway	opened 1847. from Cockermouth, to Workington, Cumberland.
	Furness Railway	opened 1848. from Station at Broughton, by Station at Kirkby Ireleth, Station at Hawcoat, to Piel Pier, and from Hawcoat, by Station at Dalton, Lindal Station, to Ulverston, Lancashire. labelled:- Furness Railway
	Whitehaven and Furness Junction Railway	opened 1849-55. from Whitehaven, by St Bees, Nethertown Station, Braystones Sta., Sellafield Sta., Seascales Station, Station near Drigg, Ravenglass, Eskmeals Sta., Silecroft Station, Station at Holborn Hill, [ ] Hill Station, Cumberland; junction near Broughton, Station at Broughton, Lancashire. labelled:- Whitehaven & Furness Junction Railway
	Port Carlisle Dock and Railway	opened 1854 from Carlisle to Port Carlisle, Cumberland.
	Caledonian Railway	?proposed. from Carlisle north, Cumberland. labelled:- Caledonian Railway
	geology stratigraphical column	As its title declares, the map is coloured to show the geology of the area. Printed lower left is a stratigraphical column labelled with rock types (and not chronology). See:- RUN2Geo.txt

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