Red Guide 1892 map

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		MAP FEATURES
	Published 74 years later, giving no credit to its origins, the map is a clear copy of Jonathan Otley's map of 1818. The differences that strike the eye immediately are: the sea and lake areas are tinted a bold blue; railways are shown by bold black lines; there is a piano key border; and the new publisher's name is in the title cartouche. The map is edited, fewer lakes are named, for instance. But the geographical area shown is the same, the general content, north point, diagram of mountain heights, etc, are all from Otley's original. Maps in later editions of the Red Guide are usually by John Bartholomew, Edinburgh.
	An overlay of Otley's map, red, on the Red Guide map, black, shows the similarities and differences:-
	The Red Guide copy has the same choice of content re-drawn from the original.
	map folding	The map is zigzag folded up from the bottom and then zigzag folded in from the right, and appears to have been tipped into the guide book awkwardly. It is loose from its book, but was probably a frontispiece. Creases in the map are beginning to tear, edges are a little crumpled, and the map has a tear which might have been made when unfolding it from its awkward mounting.
	piano key border	The map has a piano key border.
	title cartouche plain cartouche	Printed lower left in a plain octagonal cartouche:- THE DISTRICT OF THE LAKES WARD, LOCK & Co. PUBLISHERS. London & New York.
	orientation north point magnetic deviation	Printed left below centre is a north point; N-S line, E-W cross line, North marked by a fleur de lys, East and West labelled by letter. A line labelled:- Magnetic Needle shows the magnetic deviation at about 26d W, correct in the early 19th century; the deviation in 1818 was 24.64d W, in 1892 about 17.52d W.
	scale line scale	Printed lower middle is a scale of:- Miles chequered and labelled in miles. The 10 miles = 62.9 mm gives a scale 1 to 255858. The map scale is about:- 1 to 260000 4 miles to 1 inch
	lat and long scales	In the map borders there are scales of latitude and longitude for a trapezoidal projection; chequered in minutes, labelled at 10 minute intervals. The degrees are labelled in roman uppercase numerals; III for 3d W, and LIV for 54d N, though the latter is not a scale marking but just a hint to the reader. The map includes from 2d 40m to 3d 8m W, from 54d 2m to 54d 47m N; ; the Lakes cutting off Cumberland north of Sebergham, and Cumberland and Westmorland east of Shap.
	sea area sea tinted	The sea area is colour printed blue. A couple of sea areas are labelled:- THE IRISH SEA MORECAMBE BAY
	coast line coast shaded sandbanks headlands harbours lighthouses	The coast line is emphasised by two layers of shading into the offing from the edge of the foreshore shallows. The foreshore area is lightly dotted, and some areas are labelled, eg:- Lancaster Sands Cartmel Wharf Duddon Sands A few rocks are marked by crosses (+) off the Isle of Walney. A couple of headlands are labelled:- Heads [St Bees] Humphrey Head Harbours are not noticed but the channel into Barrow is clearly drawn, and there is a railway spur down to the coast there. The harbour moles at Whitehaven can be seen, if you look closely. On St Bees Head is a tower labelled:- Lt. House
	rivers bridges	Rivers are drawn by a wiggly line tapering inland. Some rivers are labelled, eg:- Duddon River River Kent Mint R. In at least one instance, River Eden, where there is uncertainty, the direction of the stream is shown by an arrow. Bridges are implied where a road crosses and interrupts a stream. There are some bridge names, which might be settlement or bridge names, eg:- Penny Bridge Newby Bridge Pooley Bridge Some rivers or their estuaries are crossed by railways. Waterfalls might be marked by chevrons across the stream as at Lodore, and perhaps labelled, as at:- Scale Force
	lakes	Lakes are drawn in outline with the shore line shaded, some lakes have a blue tint, some islands are drawn, some lakes are named:- BASSENTHWAITE Blea Tarn [Langdales] Blelham Tarn Brother Water Burnmoor Tarn CONISTON Crummock DERWENT Devoke Water Elter Water Esthwaite water Floutern Hawes Water LOWESWATER Over water Thirlmere ULLS WATER WINDER MERE Other lakes and tarns can be recognised, eg:- Angle Tarn, Borrowdale Angle Tarn, Martindale Beacon Tarn Bigland Tarn Blea Tarn, Borrowdale Blea Tarn, Eskdale Blea Water Bleaberry Tarn Blind Tarn Bowscale Tarn Buttermere Codale Tarn Easedale tarn Eel Tarn Ennerdale Water Goat Water Grasmere Greendale Tarn Grisedale Tarn Hayes Water Helton Tarn Keppelcove Tarn Levers Water Little Tarn Little Langdale Tarn Loughrigg Tarn Low Tarn Low Water Mockerkin Tarn Out Dubs Tarn Red Tarn Rydal Water Scales Tarn Scoat Tarn Seathwaite Tarn Skeggles Water Small Water Sprinkling Tarn Stony Tarn Styhead Tarn Tarns, The Wast Water Watendleth Tarn [blue splodge by Revelin, a mistake]
	relief hill hachuring	Relief is indicated by hill hachuring. The varying boldness hints at greater hilliness in some areas. Some mountains and hills are named, eg:- Ill Bell HELVELLYN Potter Fell Carrock A number of valleys are named, eg:- LONG SLEDDALE ESK DALE Dunnerdale And some passes are named, eg:- Kirkstone Gate Scarth Stake
	woods parks	A little woodland is indicated by tree symbols, for example at Lowther, and more obviously marking the park at Greystoke. There is no label around:- Gowbarrow Parks
	county	A county boundary might be drawn by a fine dotted line, but is not continued along other features marking the bounds. County areas are labelled, eg:- WESTMORLAND
	settlements	Settlements are marked by blocks or groups of blocks, perhaps a cross for a church, differentiated by style of labelling.
	towns	blocks, and perhaps a cross; labelled in upright block caps, eg:- KENDAL AMBLESIDE SHAP
	villages	block or block and/or a cross; labelled in italic block caps, eg:- CONISTON GOSFORTH LOWICK
	hamlets	block and maybe a cross for a chapel; labelled in italic lowercase text, eg:- Satterthwaite Lazonby Notice the block labelled:- Scrogs at Loughrigg. This is a single farm house, and was the birthplace of Jonathan Otley who first drew this map.
	roads sands roads	A network of roads is drawn by double lines. More important roads are wider and might have one bold line. Dotted lines indicate either an unfenced road, or poorer quality track. Sands roads are shown by a double dotted line: across Lancaster Sands, from Hest Bank to Kents Bank; across Ulverston Sands, from near Holker to Canal Foot, Ulverston; and across Duddon Sands, from Ireleth towards Millom.
	canals	Canals are drawn by a double line. The two canals in the area of the map are both shown.
	Lancaster Canal	from the south through Lancaster, Lancashire; to Kendal, Westmorland; notice the locks at Tewitfield. Labelled:- The Lancaster Canal
	Ulverston Canal	from Ulverston to the coast, labelled:- Canal
	railways	Railways are drawn by a bold black line which appears to have been drawn over a line with cross ties, perhaps someone changed their mind? A station might be shown by a circle. Some railways are labelled, eg:- Lancaster and Carlisle railway Furness railway M & Carlisle Railway
	miscellaneous
	inns	Some inns are labelled, eg:- Plough [on Kendal to Shap road, Selside] Wheatsheaf [W of Bassenthwaite] It is not clear whether Huck's is an inn or just a house.
	antiquities stone circles	A 'circle' of dots by Keswick, Castlerigg Stone Circle, is labelled:- Druid Stones
	mines black lead mines lead mines	At Seathwaite there is:- Wad Mine and up Glenridding:- Ld. Mine
	religious houses	A dot labelled:- Abbey is Shap Abbey, and the same label marks an abbey symbol for Calder Abbey.
	castles	An unlabelled castle symbol is used to mark Brougham Castle. The symbol is labelled at:- Peel Castle
	stones	The:- Bowder Stone is labelled, and marked by a block.

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