notes STU1CUM.txt

Stukeley 1723


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		William Stukeley
	William Stukeley was born 1687. He was an antiquary and author, and became Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries which he shared in founding. He died 1765.
	The roman place names on the map, and their interpretation as contemporary places by William Stukeley in 1723, must not be regarded as 'truth'. More reliable authority is in River and Smith (see references), who believe that Stukeley, for place name interpretation, was:-
	... an inventive romantic who represents a step backwards from the place reached by Camden, Horsley and others. ...
	... alas, was an enthusiastic victim of the spurious De Situ Britanniae of 'Richard of Gloucester'; he [Stukeley] was a prime propagator of this fiction, and by his authority in his otherwise valuable book served to establish the text as part of the canon of our toponymy. ...
	So: beware using place names from this map!
	In most of his place labels Stukeley gives a latin version in italic lowercase, with an English version in upright lowercase beneath it.
		Antonine Itineraries
	The
	Itinerarium Provinciarum Antonini Augusti
	are a collection of 225 route descriptions for the roman empire; from the middle east to the west of Portugal and Wales, from north Africa to Scotland. Each itinerary is a list of place names with the distances from stage to stage. It is not clear who Antonini Augusti was. The itineraries are not all of one date. The routes in Britain have elements from the time of Trajan, 98-117, to Diocletian, 284-305; overall the data collection seesm to be in the 3rd century, say from AD214-284.
		MAP FEATURES

	title cartouche picture frame cartouche	Printed upper right is a rectangular cartouche whose exact picture frame style is found on the Hampshire map from Moll's 1724 atlas:- Ingratiam Itinerantium / Curiosorum, ANTONINI / Aug. ITINERARIUM per / BRITANNIAM. / tentavit W. Stukeley 1723. roughly translated as:- In gratitude to curious travellers, the Itineraries through Britain of Antonini Aug., attempted by William Stukeley, 1723. The map is a plot of the Antonine Itineraries on an outline of England and Wales.

	orientation up is N	There is no compass rose; the map is printed with north at the top of the page.

	lat and long lat and long scales scale	The borders have scales of latitude and longitude with the meridians clearly converging up the page. The prime meridian, 0 degrees Longitude, passes through London. There are marks and labelling at 1 degree intervals. The map covers 2 degrees E to 6 1/4 degrees W, 50 degrees to 55 1/2 degrees N; all of England and Wales, the edges of France, Scotland and Ireland. 5 degrees latitude = 227.5 mm gives a scale 1 to 2446557; the map scale is about:- 1 to 2400000 39 miles to 1 inch

	scale line scale	A scale of Romana Milliari is printed upper left, marked and labelled at 10 miles intervals. The 80 roman miles = 52.4 mm giving a scale about:- 39 roman miles to 1 inch. A better estimate of scale can be made from town positions, comparing known town-town distances, using DISTAB.exe. The map scale is about:- 1 to 3500000 55 miles to 1 inch The map maker's miles are a:- roman mile = 1.41 statute miles

	sea area sea plain	The sea areas are plain. Some sea areas are labelled, eg:- OCEANUS BRITANNICUS for the English Channel. It is possible to recognise sea areas, eg:- Solway Firth Morecambe Bay

	coast line coast shaded harbours antiquities	The coast line is shaded for emphasis. The coast line is also tinted; pale green-blue around England and Wales, pale green around France, pink for Scotland and Ireland, and the Isle of Man. Some headlands are noticed, eg:- Dumnoniorum Prom. / Start Pt. where there is a roman place name. Hampshire's harbours are not noticed. Elsewhere some are labelled, eg:- Dubris Portus / Dover Portus Madurni / Aldrington The latter is an example of misinterpretation by Stukeley. It is likely to be Portus Ardaoni thought to be the roman fort at Portchester, Hampshire.

	rivers antiquities	Rivers are shown by a wiggly line. Hampshire has the Stour and Avon, Test, Itchin, and perhaps the Rother. Rivers are not labelled, but see:- Tamesis Fl. Sabrina AEstarium at these great river mouths. It is possible to recognise:- River Eden - past Carlisle and Brough. River Caldew - by Carlisle and Old Carlisle River Lune - from near Orton to the coast River Derwent ? - from Derwent water? to the coast River Eamont? from Ullswater? to the Eden.

	lakes	Some lakes are drawn in outline. It is possible to guess at the identity of some, perhaps:- Windermere? Derwent Water? Ullswater?

	antiquities tribal areas	Ancient british tribal areas are not generally noticed. Three areas are labelled, at the edges of roman influence:- CORINAVII DUMNONII in the far south west, and:- OTODINI in the scottish borderlands.

	settlements antiquities	Settlements are positioned by a circle and most have a pair of towers to indicate a town. Less significant places have no, or smaller, towers. Only settlements along the itineraries are marked; labelled in Latin and English as noted above. Alona / Orton The place name interpretations MUST be read in conjunction with a more recent authority, eg Rivet and Smith.

	antiquities roman sites roman roads	The itineraries are drawn as roads by double lines, tinted yellow. Each road is labelled, if you look carefully, with its number, eg:- ITER X. and might be named, eg:- VIA ICENIANA / Ikening Street Four of the itineraries are relavant to Cumbria. From the south east, through Ebchester, Overborow, Orton, Overborough, Castlesteds to Caervoran on Hadrian's Wall. From the south east through Bowes, Brough, Whitley castle, to Caervoran on Hadrian's Wall. From Boulness through Old Carlile to Caervoran on Hadrian's Wall. From Caervoran to the north.

	antiquities roman wall	Hadrian's Wall is drawn as a wall with ?milecastles or forts, 15 of them across the country from Bowness to the east coast. HADRIANI VALLUM
		Cumbrian Places
	The roman placenames given on the map do not accord with the best understanding of today (see Rivet and Smith 1979); the map is interesting as a demonstration of early 18th century research, but not useful as a reference source in the 21st. The places on the map in the Cumbrian area are:-


	Voreda	Stukeley:- Plotted roughly as the roman fort at Birdoswald on Hadrian's Wall; interpreted as Caer Voran. Rivet and Smith 1979:- The name Voreda belongs to the roman fort at Old Penrith, Plumpton Wall, Cumberland.

	Lugubalum	Stukeley:- Plotted at Carlisle; named Carlile. Rivet and Smith 1979:- Luguvalium, the roman town of Carlisle.

	Glanoventa	Stukeley:- Plotted perhaps as the roman fort at Old Penrith, Plumpton Wall, Cumberland. Rivet and Smith 1979:- This name belongs to the roman fort at Ravenglass, Muncaster, Cumberland.

	Castra Explorata	Stukeley:- Plotted roughly at the roman fort at Old Carlisle, Cumberland; interpreted as Old Carlile. Rivet and Smith 1979:- This name belongs to the roman fort at Netherby, Cumberland.

	Galava	Stukeley:- Plotted roughly at the roman fort at Brougham, Westmorland; interpreted as Overborough. Rivet and Smith 1979:- This name belongs to the roman fort at Ambleside, Westmorland.

	Verteris	Stukeley:- Plotted as the roman fort at Brough Castle, Westmorland, and interpreted as Brough. Rivet and Smith 1979:- The roman fort at Brough Castle, Westmorland.

	Alona	Stukeley:- Plotted roughly at the roman fort at Watercrook, Westmorland; interpreted as Orton. Rivet and Smith 1979:- Probably Alauna, the roman fort at Watercrook, Westmorland.

	Galagum	Stukeley:- Plotted roughly at the roman fort at Overborough, Lancashire. Rivet and Smith 1979:- This is probably the roman fort, Calacum, at Overborough, Lancashire.

	Brennetonacis Veteranorum	Stukeley:- Plotted roughly at the roman fort at Ribchester, Lancashire; interpreted as Ebchester. Rivet and Smith 1979:- The roman fort, Bremetonacum Veteranorum, at Ribchester, Lancashire.
		References
	Rivet, A L F & Smith, Colin: 1981: Place-Names of Roman Britain: Batsford:: ISBN 0 7134 2077 4 Horsley, John: 1723: Britannia Romana: (London) Stukeley, William: 1776 (2nd edn): Itinerarium Curiosum: (London)

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