Morden 1695

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		MAP FEATURES
	title cartouche scroll cartouche map maker publisher	Printed in a prettily tinted scroll cartouche, upper left:- WESTMORLAND by Robt. Morden Printed lower right:- Sold by Abel Swale, Awnsham & John Churchill
	orientation up is N	The map is probably printed with compass North at the top of the sheet. The scales of latitude and longitude suggest that polar North is a few degrees anticlockwise from compass North.
	scale line scale lines scale	Printed lower left are three:- Scales of Miles Great / Middle / Small each chequered in miles, tinted red and white, labelled at 4 and 8. The 8 miles = 79.9 mm, 73.7 mm, 68.2 mm respectively. The average map scale, wrongly assuming a statute mile is:- 1 to 170000 2.5 miles to 1 inch
	lat and long lat and long scales	Printed in the map borders are scales of latitude and longitude for a slanted rectangular projection; chequered in minutes labelled at 10 minute intervals of longitude, 5 of latitude, tinted red and white. The upper longitude scale is labelled in roman numerals for the number of minutes of time later than London. From the scales can be read:- longitude, Kendal = 2d 25.5m W suggests a prime meridian nearly 20d West of Greenwich, which is unlikely. The map includes from about 1d 45m to 3d 5m W, from about 54d 10m to 54d 53m N; the whole of Westmorland.
	sea area sea plain	The very small sea area shown is plain, the Leven and Kent estuaries.
	coast line coast shaded foreshore	The small length of coast line is emphasised by shading, tinted blue. Foreshore shallows are dotted, perhaps engraved with a roulette. The dotting is closer at the edge of the area, which is tinted brown. The areas show conventional rather than accurate river channels.
	rivers bridges	Rivers are drawn by a double wiggly line, tinted blue, or tapering single wiggly line. A wide reach, the Leven at New Bridge for example, might have form lines. Larger tributaries and feeders to lakes are shown. Some rivers are labelled, eg:- Winster flu Can Flu Blenkern beck R. Birkbeck Eden R Do not rely on consistent spelling, for example:- Lune Flu / Lone Flu Lowther R / Low Flu Bridges are implied where a road crosses and interrupts a stream, for example at Burrow bridge on the Kendal to Shap road. But notice that the engraving of road and river might just intersect, as on the Sprint east of Burneside, or the river might interrupt the road as on the Eden by Temple Sowerby. I would not jump to any conclusions about which are bridges and which are fords. Bridges might be drawn where no road is shown, and perhaps labelled, eg:- New Bridge
	lakes	Lakes are drawn in outline, the shore shaded, interior engraved with a water effect, tinted blue. Notice Broadwater which is engraved over and round the mountains at its south end (and anyway it's Haweswater). Some lakes are labelled:- Ulles Flu Hawswater [Hayeswater] Broadwater [Haweswater] Winander Mere Other lakes, including some in adjacent counties, can be recognised:- Brotherswater Thirlmere [labelled as the head of the Derwent] Rydal Water [with a large island] Grasmere [smaller, no island] Easedale Tarn [perhaps] Coniston Water Kentmere Tarn As well as the large island in Rydal water, a whole lot of islands are drawn in Windermere lake.
	relief hillocks	Relief is indicated by moderate size hillocks, shaded to the east, tinted pale brown. Some hillocks are drawn larger, for example at Farleton Knott and Whinfell. The hills are clustered in central lakeland and the Pennines, river plains left clear. Although the overall effect is attractive it is not truly informative. Some hills are labelled, eg:- Farleto~ Knothill Whinfield hill Helvillin hill Cross fell Murton Pike A pass might be labelled, as at:- Horse Hause This provides a different slant on the interpretation of 'Horse House' on other maps, which could otherwise be understood as Hause House. Notice also:- Lawsdale Horse north of Selside.
	woods trees forests	Groups of tree symbols, the area tinted green, indicate woodland. Some groups might be labelled, eg:- Mallerstang Forrest Whinfeild Forrest And some unlabelled groups might, cautiously, be recognised, for example fell Foot at the south end of lake Windermere. Trees are drawn in most parks.
	parks	Parks are drawn by an outline with fence palings, interior with trees and undergrowth, tinted pale green. Some parks are labelled, eg;- Cunswick Park Gowburrow Park Or the park might be recognised by a house or a settlement, as at Lowther.
	county	County boundaries are a bold dotted line, the inner side of each county tinted palely: Westmorland yellow, Cumberland pink, Lancashire green, Yorkshire ?brown. Durham is not shown. Adjacent counties are labelled, eg:- PART OF CUMBERLAND PART OF YORK SHIRE The county boundary is drawn alongside other features where necessary, for example along the River Winster. Windermere is entirely within Westmorland, the boundary following the shore. Ullswater is divided with Cumberland.
	settlements	Settlements are positioned by a circle with added elements, differentiated by style of labelling. Towns are tinted red.
	towns	circle, buildings and towers, tinted red; labelled in upright lowercase text, eg:- Kendall ABALLABA / Apalby Ambleside / Amboglana The extra placename is the name of the roman town. Notice a neat example of an engraver's correction where the o of Amboglana has been added above.
	villages	circle, building with tower; labelled in italic lowercase text, eg:- Underbarrow Great Asby Wetsleddale
	hamlets	circle; labelled in italic lowercase text, eg:- Crosthwate Caber Witherslack Ravingstondale or Russendale
	houses	circle and tower, or circle; labelled in italic lowercase text, eg:- Kendale castle Grarigg Hall
		Notice a series of re-engraved placenames south west of Orton and other instances of re-engraving.
	roads	A few roads are drawn by a double line, for example:- From the south, Lancaster, Lancashire; to Kendal by Burton or Farleton, then Shap, Westmorland; to Penrith, Cumberland. labelled:- From Lancaster to Kendall and Apalby though the route to Appleby is via Penrith. This is part of the London to Carlisle road plotted by John Ogilby. Other roads are shown and labelled, sometimes incorrectly. More notes on the Westmorland and Cumberland roads on Robert Morden's maps:- MD10Rod.txt MD16Rod.txt MD12Rod.txt
	miscellany
	beacons	A beacon is carefully drawn, post, ladder, fire basket, on a hillock labelled:- Orton Beacon Also labelled is:- Penrith Beacon but with no apparatus.
	mines copper mines	West of Great Langdale is:- the Coper mines
	stones	A group of stones on the county boundary are labelled:- Dunmalrase Stones South of Shap are:- Stone Heaps marked by circle with tiny towers? Where the boundaries of Westmorland, Lancashire and Yorkshire meet a stone is drawn, labelled:- The County Stone At the road junction S of Tebay is:- Brandreth Stone
	wells	Labelled by Patterdale is:- St Patricks well
	crosses	Notice Cross fell on the border north of Milborne Forest. An indeterminate mark east of Stainmore is labelled:- Rear Cross als Roycross A cross (+) is marked NE of Pendragon castle, labelled:- Hoomill Cross
	antiquities earthworks	A double ring with an entrance to the south. at Eamont Bridge, is labelled:- King Arthur round Table
	antiquities roman sites roman towns	Some roman placenames are given:- Vertara [Brough Castle] ABALLABA [Appleby] Amboglana [Ambleside] Catadupa [waterfall, Levens]

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