Garnett 1850s-60s H

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		Map Features
	title map maker publisher	Printed: lower left:- MAP OF THE ENGLISH LAKES. Printed at the bottom:- PUBLISHED BY JOHN GARNETT WINDERMERE The guide book in which the map was found was published by Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh, 1852: from the evidence of railways on the map it was published about 1876. It does not belong to this guide book. In the guide book an advertisement on the front end papers, states:- With a minutely accurate Map, by W Hughes ... which is not this map.
	table of symbols	Printed lower left is a table of symbols mostly for transport:- Railways [triple line, light bold light] Main Roads [double line, light bold] Cross Roads [double line, light light] Mountains Roads [double line, dotted] Foot Roads [single line, dotted] Waterfalls [double line across a stream] Churches [cross (+)]
	orientation north point up is N	Printed lower left is a north point; N-S line, E-S line, North marked by a spear point. The map is printed with North at the top of the sheet.
	scale line scale	Printed lower left is a:- Scale of Miles marked and labelled in miles. The 5 miles = 36.9 mm gives a scale 1 to 218068. The map scale is about 1 to 220000 3.5 miles to 1 inch
	lat and long scales	Printed in the map borders are scale of latitude and longitude for a ?trapezoidal projection; marked in minutes, labelled at 10s. The bottom longitude scale is labelled:- Longitude West from Greenwich Judging from the scales the longitude, Kendal = 2d 47m W which is slightly wrong for a Greenwich prime meridian. The map includes from 2d 30m to 3d 38m W, from 54d 2m to 54d 56m N; Cumberland is cut off north of Carlisle, Westmorland cut off east of Appleby, all of Lancashire north of the sands is included.
	sea area sea plain	The sea is plain. Some sea areas are labelled, eg:- IRISH SEA MORECAMBE BAY
	coast line coast form lines headlands harbours foreshore	The coast line is emphasized by form lines which are engraved attractively into the river estuaries and around Walney Island. A couple of headlands are noticed:- Grune Pt. St. Bees Head. Harbours are not noticed, but see:- Piel Pier and the docks at Barrow are clearly marked. Foreshore sands are not marked, but two of the great estuaries have labels:- Duddon sands Leven Sands
	rivers bridges	Rivers are drawn by wiggly line tapering upstream. Some rivers are drawn by a double line, perhaps with a stream line. Some rivers are labelled, eg:- R. Lune Leven R. R. Kent Croglin W. [ie Water] Crummock Beck which last is drawn flowing from the sea near Allonby to join the Waver at Abbeyholme, and thence to the sea! Waterfalls might be marked by two lines across a stream. For example see on the Trout Beck SW of Ill Bell, labelled:- Force and see, eg:- Birker Force Dalegarth Force Bridges are implied where a road crosses and interrupts a stream. A label as:- Newby Bridge might label the bridge or the settlement at the bridge.
	lakes	Lakes are drawn in outline with form lines. Some lakes are labelled:- Angle T. [Sca Fell] Angle Tarn [Patterdale] BASSENTHWAITE WR. Beacon Tarn Blea T. [Langdale] Blea Tarn [Borrowdale] Blea Wr. Bleaberry T. Blelham Tarn Bowscale Tarn Brothers Water Burnmoor Tarn BUTTER MERE Codale T. CONISTON WATER CRUMMOCK WR. DERWENT WR. Devoke Water Easdale T. Elter Water ENNERDALE WR. ESTHWAITE WATER Floutern Tarn Goat Wr. GRASMERE LAKE Harrop T. HAWES WR. Hayes Wr. Keppel Cove Tarn Langdale Tarn Levers Wr. Lily Tarn LOWES WATER Over Water Red Tarn [Helvellyn] RYDAL WR. Scales Tarn Seathwaite T. Skeggles Wr. Sprinkling Tarn Stickle Tarn Styhead T. THIRL MERE ULLES WATER WAST WATER WINDER MERE Other lakes and tarns might be recognized, eg:- Cardurnock Lough Eskrigg Tarn Grisedale Tarn lake, Aspatria lake, Fusedale? lake, Monkcastle? lake, Old Ponsonby? Little Tarn Loughrigg Tarn Low Birker Tarn Low Tarn Mockerkin Tarn Monkhill Lough? Out Dubs Tarn Red Moss Scoat Tarn Small Water Tarnhouse Tarn Thursfield Lough Urswick Tarn Watendlath Tarn Some of these cannot be found on recent maps.
	relief hill hachuring	Some relief is indicated by hill hachuring; some hills and ridges in the central Lakes area, and the Pennines. Some hills are labelled, eg:- Great Dod Brocklebank Fell Skiddaw Stickle Pikes Some valleys might be labelled, but are hardly marked by the hachuring, eg:- Eskdale Patterdale A few passes are labelled, eg:- Kirkstone Pass Gatescarth Pass
	forests	Woodland is not indicated, but some forests are labelled, eg:- Inglewood Forest Copeland Forest
	parks	Parks are not marked, but some are labelled, eg:- Gowbarrow Park
	county	The county boundaries are a dot dash line which might be continued alongside a boundary feature, perhaps as a fine dotted line. It is not clear how county boundaries fit round or through Windermere lake, or Ullswater. The county areas are labelled:- WESTMORELAND CUMBERLAND LANCASHIRE Remember: this is not a county map, but a map of The Lakes.
	settlements	Settlements are marked b blocks, perhaps a cross, differentiated by style of labelling - which is confusing and not explained.
	cities	blocks, with a suggestion of a street plan; labelled in upright, sans serif block caps:- CARLISLE
	towns	blocks; labelled in upright, sans serif block caps, eg:- KENDAL PENRITH AMBLESIDE And sometimes labelled in upright, seriffed block caps, eg:- COCKERMOUTH APPLEBY Or labelled in smaller upright, sans serif block caps, eg:- CONISTON WINDERMERE Or labelled in upright, seriffed lowercase text, eg:- Shap Hesket Newmarket
	villages   hamlets	blocks, perhaps a cross; labelled in italic lowercase text, eg:- Crosby Ravensworth Gosforth Garnett Bridge Brathwaite
	roads sands roads	A network of roads is drawn by double and single lines, solid and dotted, explained in the table of symbols. Dotted does means not unfenced, but wilder roads. Main roads, cross roads, mountain roads, and foot roads are distinguished. Notice that main roads use the convention of a double line with light and bold lines. Routes across the sands are drawn by a double dotted line (a mountain road according to the table of symbols). Across Leven sands from the coast near Cark in Cartmel to the foot of the Ulverston Canal. And across Lancaster Sands from Hest Bank, northerly then westerly, to Kent's Bank, labelled:- Road across the Sands at Low Water
	canals	Canals, not included in the table of symbols, are marked by a bold line. The Ulverston Canal and Lancaster Canal are shown. The Port Carlisle canal has gone.
	railways	Railways are drawn by a triple line, light bold light. Some railways are labelled. Stations out of major settlements are marked by a dot beside the line, and labelled, eg:- Station Arkleby Station The following railways are shown:-
	Solway Junction Railway	1869-70
	Port Carlisle Dock and Railway	1854
	Carlisle and Silloth Bay Railway	1857
	Maryport and Carlisle Railway	1840-45 labelled:- Whitehaven, Maryport & Carlisle Railway
	Caledonian Railway	1847 labelled:- Caledonian Raily.
	Whitehaven Junction Railway	1846-47
	Cockermouth and Workington Railway	1847
	Newcastle and Carlisle Railway	1836 labelled:- Newcastle & Carlisle Raily.
	Settle and Carlisle Railway	1876 labelled:- Midland Railway
	Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway	1864-65
	Whitehaven, Cleator and Egremont Railway	1856-57
	Egremont and Sellafield branch railway	1869
	Whitehaven and Furness Junction Railway	1849-55 labelled:- Whitehaven & Furness Junction Raily.
	Coniston Railway	1859-60
	Lancaster and Carlisle Railway	1846 labelled:- Lancaster & Carlisle Railway
	Eden Valley Railway	1862
	South Durham and Lancashire Union Railway	1861
	Kendal and Windermere Railway	1846 labelled:- Kendal & Windermere Railway
	Low Gill and Ingleton branch railway	1859 (?)
	Furness Railway	1846-54 labelled:- Furness Railway
	Lakeside branch railway	1869
	Ulverstone and Lancaster Railway	1857 labelled:- Midland Railway
		The latest railway shown was opened 1876; the earliest railway missed was opened 1876. Although the date of a project and its submission to Parliament is before the date of opening, the railways shown are for a map that was produced well after 1852, the date when the guide book containing the map was published. Now, that's interesting! All I can suggest is that a crafty book seller has added a later map to an earlier book to make a good item for sale. Looking at the engraving it is likely that some of the railways are added to an earlier edition of the map. The railway line cuts through placename labels, or is interrupted to let existing labels show.
	miscellaneous
	stones	labelled at the meet of three counties is:- Three Shire Stones
	mines lead mines	In Glenridding is:- Lead Mine marked by a circle.
	mines black lead mines	At Seathwaite is a circle labelled:- Mine
	inns	Some inns are noticed, eg:- Pheasant Inn [Bassenthwaite lake] Swan Inn [Grasmere] Ferry Inn [Windermere lake] Inn [Patterdale]
	schools	In Windermere is:- St. Mary's Coll.
	antiquities stone circles	To the east of Keswick is:- Druid Stones and more on Burnmoor.

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